LECTURE 6.1: MILL

Question 1

The beneficiary or recipient of the act is the moral agent himself ; Any action that maximizes the good for oneself is right

Answer 1

Egoism

Question 2

Reciprocity version of egoism because when you are enjoined to do an act that will benefit another since you expect the person to do the same to you (e.g. The Golden Rule)

Answer 2

Enlightened Egoism

Question 3

Concerned with one’s own self-interest with his own happiness and pleasure. ; Other people’s interest is important only if it will contribute to the enhancement of one’s own self-interest.

Answer 3

Egoistic Hedonism

Question 4

You are enticed to maximize the pleasures of the moment, anticipation of future pleasures has no bearing on the present. ; Thus, pleasure is the supreme and only good in life. Pain is the only evil.

Answer 4

Cyrenaics of ancient Greece

Question 5

“Eat, drink and be ______, for tomorrow you might _____.”

Answer 5

merry ; die

Question 6

Absence of pain in both mind and body - highest pleasure

Answer 6

Epicurus

Question 7

According to _______, the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquility, ataraxia, and aponia.

Answer 7

Epicurus

Question 8

This is the freedom from fear/anxiety.

Answer 8

Ataraxia

Question 9

This is the absence from bodily pain.

Answer 9

Aponia

Question 10

This embraces a pluralistic definition of good (eg. Beauty, wisdom, knowledge, temperance, pleasure) and all of these must be maximized for everyone. (eg. Hastings Rashdall)

Answer 10

Non-hedonistic utilitarianism

Question 11

This construed as the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness or the good for greatest number. (What will maximize the good for the greatest number.)

Answer 11

Utilitarianism

Question 12

A kind of utilitarianism wherein the act will benefit only a sector of the population, an interest group or a class (this process may make other sectors worse).

Answer 12

Limited Utilitarianism

Question 13

He believes that an act is right if it maximizes the total pleasure of the community (like interest groups, family, associations, political parties, religious groups, etc.)

Answer 13

Bentham

Question 14

This kind of utilitarianism is against maximization of happiness to benefit only a small sector of society. The good must be maximized for all of humankind without discrimination.

Answer 14

Universal Utilitarianism

Question 15

This says that an act is right and wrong solely on the basis of the act alone. ; Examines each individual case/consequence

Answer 15

Act Utilitarianism

Question 16

What are the 2 Schools of thought?

Answer 16

Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism

Question 17

This applies the principle of utility to general rules and not specific acts. ; “What rules, if followed by everyone all the time, will maximize the good in the world?”

Answer 17

Rule Utilitarianism

Question 18

He is a teleologist/consequentialist who wrote ‘Utilitarianism’, ‘On Liberty’, ‘On the functions of Government’, etc.

Answer 18

John Stuart Mill

Question 19

This is the the ultimate end (summum bonum); the foundation of morality

Answer 19

Happiness

Question 20

What is good in any situation can be demonstrated and quantified in terms of the amount of pleasure that it could bring about.

Answer 20

Bentham’s Hedonic Calculus

Question 21

What are the 2 quality of pleasure?

Answer 21

Intellectual pleasure and Physiological pleasure

Question 22

These are the mental pleasures.

Answer 22

Intellectual Pleasure

Question 23

These are the bodily pleasures.

Answer 23

Physiological pleasures

Question 24

This is the utility as the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Answer 24

General Happiness

Question 25

Justice as an aspect of utility (social utility)

Answer 25

Social welfare

Question 26

“It is better to be a _______ being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be ______ dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”

Answer 26

human ; Socrates

Question 27

“All persons have a right to equality of treatment except when some recognized ________ __________ requires the reverse.”

Answer 27

social expediency

Question 28

“Happiness is a good..,that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the ______ _________, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.”

Answer 28

general happiness

Question 29

“Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (____ _____ _______). By _______ is intended pleasure and the absence of pain.”

Answer 29

Greatest Happiness Principle ; happiness

Question 30

This will lead to the maximum amount of happiness and utility for a maximum number of people, but once decided upon, the rules should apply without exception.

Answer 30

Moral rules

Question 31

Why is it important to follow these rules?

Answer 31

Because it lives to a stable society.

Question 32

Not following the rule may have served a better purpose for themselves only.

Answer 32

Human Frailty

Question 33

Humans are not good in making the best decisions that will be beneficial for the greater good of the greatest number.

Answer 33

Poor decision making

Question 34

Who will benefit from the good consequences of the act?

Answer 34

Beneficiary

Question 35

If you can attain ______ ______ and _______ of ______, you have achieved the highest felicity.

Answer 35

bodily health ; peace ; mind

Question 36

According to Epicurus. “The ______ is a life of bodily health and mental calm spent in the company of friends speculating about _______ and the _______.”

Answer 36

ideal ; nature ; cosmos

Question 37

According to ________, “The greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquility/peace of mind, freedom from fear/anxiety (“ataraxia”), and absence from bodily pain (“aponia”).

Answer 37

Epicurus