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anatomy lecture exam 2 > LECTURE 6 spinal cord > Flashcards

LECTURE 6 spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

function of nervous system

A

coordinates the activity of muscles, organs, senses, and actions (control)

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2
Q

3 steps of nervous system function

A

1: receives sensory input
2: integrate all input and determine response
3: send motor output/command

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3
Q

structural divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

components of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

functions of central nervous system

A

(represents step 2) interprets incoming sensory signals, dictates motor response

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6
Q

components of peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves, nerve plexuses (enteric system)

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7
Q

function of peripheral nervous system

A

(represents steps 1 & 3) communication between regions of the body and the central nervous system

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8
Q

how reflex arc works

A

sometimes the nervous system needs to protect the body by skipping connection of sensory input and motor output through the use of an interneuron, allowing the motor output to occur more quickly

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9
Q

definition of reflex arc

A

rapid, automatic motor response

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10
Q

where reflex arc usually occurs

A

spinal cord or brainstem

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11
Q

examples of reflexes

A

skeletal muscle movement when touching something burning, smooth muscle of stomach moving to induce vomiting if toxin ingested

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12
Q

are reflex arcs voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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13
Q

lifespan of neurons

A

neurons have high longevity, so there is no regeneration/mitosis, which is why they need to be protected

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14
Q

features of neuron

A

cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath (sometimes)

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15
Q

structure of myelin sheath

A

surrounds thicker axons, forms insulating layer

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16
Q

functions of myelin sheath

A

prevents leakage of electrical current, speeds up the impulse conudction

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17
Q

are neurons or neuroglia more common?

A

neuroglia

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18
Q

what type of cells produce myelin sheath?

A

neuroglial cells

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19
Q

organization of a nerve

A

3 layers: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium; nerves are bundles of axons carrying signals throughout the body (in PNS); CT layers contain blood vessels

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20
Q

endoneurium of nerve

A

most deep level, surrounds each axon (nerve fiber), myelinated and unmyelinated axons, motor and sensory nerve fibers, loose CT

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21
Q

perineurium of nerve

A

middle level, bundles axons into fascicles, CT

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22
Q

epineurium of nerve

A

most superficial level, bundles fascicles into a nerve, fibrous CT

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23
Q

2 types of nerve signals/fibers

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent)

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24
Q

description of sensory nerve signals

A

picked up by sensory receptors throughout body, carried by nerve fibers of PNS into CNS

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25
Q

description of motor nerve signals

A

carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers into PNS, innervate muscles and glands, causes these organs to contract or secrete

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26
Q

somatic vs. visceral signals

A

somatic information coming from outside body cavity, visceral information coming from inside body cavity

27
Q

somatic sensory signal examples

A

body senses: touch, pressure, temperature, vibration of body, muscles stretching, balance

28
Q

visceral sensory signal examples

A

organ senses: stretch, pain, temperature in organs, eg: nausea, hunger, cramps

29
Q

somatic motor signal examples

A

body movement: voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles

30
Q

visceral motor signal examples

A

organ movement: contraction of smooth muscle, gland secretion, contraction of cardiac muscle, aka autonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary)

31
Q

two components of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic system, parasympathetic system

32
Q

special somatic sensory signals

A

hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell

33
Q

special visceral sensory signals

A

taste

34
Q

location of spinal cord

A

runs through vertebral canal of the vertebral column

35
Q

spinal cord protected by

A

bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

36
Q

spinal cord made up of

A

a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter

37
Q

spinal nerve description

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves branch off spinal cord through intervertebral foramen

38
Q

description of meninges of spinal cord

A

membranes surrounding the spinal cord

39
Q

3 layers of meninges of spinal cord

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (all made of CT)

40
Q

functions of meninges of spinal cord

A

protect spinal cord, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), protect blood vessels serving spinal cord

41
Q

description of dura mater of meninges of spinal cord

A

most superficial, fibrous CT, spinal dural sheath (one layer), does not attach to bone (creates epidural space), merges with epineurium of spinal roots and nerves (more protective, better connection)

42
Q

description of arachnoid mater of meninges of spinal cord

A

middle layer, impermeable barrier to contain CSF, raised off pia mater by rootlets, creates subarachnoid space that holds CSF

43
Q

description of pia mater of meninges of spinal cord

A

deepest layer, adheres to brain/spinal cord tissue, highly vascular, creates the denticulate ligaments, thin and delicate

44
Q

functions of denticulate ligaments

A

create extra protection to spinal cord, attach spinal cord laterally to help anchor within vertebral canal

45
Q

description of epidural space of meninges of spinal cord

A

loose CT, fat and veins, nerves; between dura mater and vertebra, not present around brain

46
Q

description of subdural space of meninges of spinal cord

A

between dura mater and arachnoid mater, potential space that blood can enter during trauma

47
Q

description of subarachnoid space of meninges of spinal cord

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater, contains CSF, contains large blood vessels, runs to level of S2

48
Q

regions of spinal cord (5)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

49
Q

enlargements of spinal cord (2)

A

cervical enlargement (innervates upper limbs), lumbosacral enlargement (innervates lower limbs)

50
Q

description of conus medullaris of spinal cord

A

located around L1-L2, tapered end

51
Q

description of filum terminale of spinal cord

A

CT and pia mater, attaches to coccyx, anchors spinal cord caudally to form conus medullaris

52
Q

description of cauda equina of spinal cord

A

nerve bunch that extends caudally from spinal cord, looks like horse’s tail

53
Q

description of gray matter of spinal cord

A

consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and neuroglia; shaped like an “H”/butterfly

54
Q

components of gray matter

A

2 posterior horns (sensory information coming in), 2 anterior horns (motor information going out), gray commissure, central canal (contains CSF)

55
Q

description of posterior horns of gray matter

A

consists of interneurons that transmit in from outside spinal cord into it, dorsal root contains sensory fibers (somatic and visceral)

56
Q

description of anterior horns of gray matter

A

consists of cell bodies of motor neurons that send info out of spinal cord to muscles and glands; ventral root contains motor fibers (somatic and visceral)

57
Q

description of white matter of spinal cord

A

surrounds gray matter, composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons (only cell part present), divided into white columns (funiculi) that create tracts, allow for communication between parts of the spinal cord (commissurally) and between spinal cord and brain

58
Q

definition of tract (in spinal cord)

A

bundles of axons traveling to similar destination

59
Q

tracts in white matter of spinal cord

A

2 posterior funiculi, 2 anterior funiculi, 2 lateral funiculi

60
Q

types of nerve fibers in white matter of spinal cord

A

ascending nerve fibers, descending nerve fibers, commissural nerve fibers

61
Q

description of ascending nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord

A

carry sensory info from sensory neurons of body to brain (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)

62
Q

description of descending nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord

A

carry motor instructions from brain to spinal cord, contraction of muscles and secretion of glands (controlling precise, skilled movement, eg: writing, maintaining balance, create movement)

63
Q

description of commissural nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord

A

cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

anatomy lecture exam 2 (12 decks)

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