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Block 2: Histology > Lecture 6 (Revised) (Blood) > Flashcards

Lecture 6 (Revised) (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

Blood?

A

Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells + plasma (fluid)
(stains using Wright’s stain)

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2
Q

Cells in Blood?

A

RBCs + WBCs + platelets

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3
Q

Plasma of Blood?

A

Albumin + Immunoglobulins + Fibrinogen

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4
Q

3 Layers of Blood in Centrifuge?

A

-Plasma (50%)
-Buffy Coat (WBCs) (1%)
-RBCs (40%)

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5
Q

2 Layers of Blood without Anticoagulants?

A

-Serum (plasma that does NOT have fibrinogen)
-Blood Clot (fibrinogen + plasma cell)

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6
Q

Plasma Protein (Albumin) maintains?

A

Osmotic Pressure inside Blood Vessels

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7
Q

Low Levels of Albumin leads to?

A

Decreased osmotic pressure so transudate (edema)

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8
Q

High Levels of Albumin leads to?

A

Increased osmotic pressure so exudate

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9
Q

RBCs Characteristics?

A

-Anucleate (no nucleus)
-Biconcave disc
-Pink stain (Hb)
-120 days in circulation
-Transports O2 + CO2

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10
Q

Types of Hemoglobin?

A

-HbA (adults)
-HbF (fetus)

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11
Q

Sickle Cell Disease?

A

(HbS)
Single point mutation in Hb gene

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12
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Destruction of normal RBC disc shape

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13
Q

Jaundice?

A

Excessive breakdown of RBCs (yellowing of skin)

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14
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis?

A

(Jaundice)
-Spherical shape
-Mutation of ankyrin proteins

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15
Q

Hereditary Elliptocytosis?

A

(Jaundice)
-Ellipitcal shape
-Mutation of spectrum proteins

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16
Q

WBC Categories?

A

-Granulocytes (1 + 2)
(NEB)
-Agranulocytes (1)
(LM)

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17
Q

Some cells can migrate out of blood into?

A

Loose CT
(Monocytes and Macrophages)
(Basophils and Mast Cells)

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18
Q

Only cells that can recirculate?

A

Lymphocytes

19
Q

Most abundant leukocyte?

A

Neutrophil (PMNs)

20
Q

Neutrophil?

A

Granulocyte
(1 = lysosomes)
(2 = lysozymes –> inflammation)
(3 = metalloproteinases (MMPs) –> neutrophil migration)

21
Q

Characteristics of Neutrophil?

A

-Multi-lobed
-Large circular cell
-Moderate amount of granules; stains light
-6-10 hours of circulation
-1st lined defense against bacteria (innate immunity)

22
Q

Neutrophil Migration?

A

Rolling –> Adhesion –> Migration
(interns bind ICAM)
(migrate to site of injury + phagocytize bacteria via degranulation)
(cells accumulate with dead bacteria = pus)

23
Q

Barr Body?

A

Inactive X chromosome

24
Q

Basophil?

A

Granulocytes
(1 = lysosome)
(2 = histamine + vasoactive reagents)

25
Q

Characteristics of Basophil?

A

-bi-lobed “S”-shaped
-large circular cell
-lots of granules stain dark
-N/A circulation
-response to allergic reaction

26
Q

Allergy Response of Basophils?

A

-Antigens bind IgE
-Degranulation of 2 granules with vasoactive reagents
-Results in hypersensitive and anaphylaxis

27
Q

Mast Cells perform just like?

A

Basophils
(but they do same thing in CT)
(Originate from B-cells)

28
Q

Eosinophils?

A

Granulocytes
(1 = lysosomes)
(2 = major basic protein + peroxidase)

29
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophil?

A

-bi-lobed
-large circular cell
-lots of granules stain orange/pink/red
-N/A circulation
-response to parasitic (helminth) infection

30
Q

Eosinophils are found in?

A

Blood or Loose CT (lamina propria) during:
-Chronic inflammation
-Parasitic (helminth) infection
-Allergic response

31
Q

Monocyte?

A

Agranulocyte
(1 = lysosomes)

32
Q

Characteristics of Monocyte?

A

-mono-lobed “C”-shaped or bean shaped
-largest circular cell in blood smear
-light due to lack of granules
-1-3 days in circulation
-innate immune system

33
Q

Immune Response of Monocyte?

A

-Migrate to site of injury and transform not macrophages
-Macrophages phagocytize bacteria

34
Q

Lymphocytes?

A

Agranulocyte
(1 = lysosomes)

35
Q

Characteristics of Lymphocyte?

A

-large circular nucleus takes up entire cell
-small circular cell
-large nucleus stains dark
-N/A circulation
-cell-mediated + humoral immune response

36
Q

T-Cells?

A

(Lymphocyte)
Cell-Mediated Immunity
(T helper (CD4))
(T cytotoxic (CD8))

37
Q

B-Cells?

A

(Lymphocyte)
Humoral Immunity
-Become activated upon antigen binding
-Transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies

38
Q

Lymphocytes can?

A

Recirculate after leaving blood

39
Q

Platelets?

A

(Thrombocytes)
Granules = Fibrinogen + Plasminogen + Platelet-derived growth factor

40
Q

Characteristics of Platelets?

A

-anucleate (no nucleus)
-small circular discs
-pink due to no nucleus
-8-10 days in circulation
-blood clotting + tissue repair

41
Q

Platelets Zones?

A

(4 Zones)
-Peripheral Zone
-Structural Zone
-Organelle Zone
-Membrane Zone

42
Q

Platelets are derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes (in bone marrow)

43
Q

Blood Clot Formation?

A

-Serotonin stops blood flow at injury site
-ADP + thromboxane A2 cause platelet aggregation (primary plug)
-FIbrinogen converts fibrin (secondary plug) (blood returns)

Block 2: Histology (9 decks)

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