Lecture 6 (Revised) (Blood) Flashcards by Andrew Glover

Blood?

Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells + plasma (fluid)
(stains using Wright’s stain)

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Cells in Blood?

RBCs + WBCs + platelets

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Plasma of Blood?

Albumin + Immunoglobulins + Fibrinogen

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3 Layers of Blood in Centrifuge?

-Plasma (50%)
-Buffy Coat (WBCs) (1%)
-RBCs (40%)

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2 Layers of Blood without Anticoagulants?

-Serum (plasma that does NOT have fibrinogen)
-Blood Clot (fibrinogen + plasma cell)

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Plasma Protein (Albumin) maintains?

Osmotic Pressure inside Blood Vessels

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Low Levels of Albumin leads to?

Decreased osmotic pressure so transudate (edema)

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High Levels of Albumin leads to?

Increased osmotic pressure so exudate

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RBCs Characteristics?

-Anucleate (no nucleus)
-Biconcave disc
-Pink stain (Hb)
-120 days in circulation
-Transports O2 + CO2

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Types of Hemoglobin?

-HbA (adults)
-HbF (fetus)

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Sickle Cell Disease?

(HbS)
Single point mutation in Hb gene

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Sickle Cell Anemia?

Destruction of normal RBC disc shape

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Jaundice?

Excessive breakdown of RBCs (yellowing of skin)

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Hereditary Spherocytosis?

(Jaundice)
-Spherical shape
-Mutation of ankyrin proteins

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Hereditary Elliptocytosis?

(Jaundice)
-Ellipitcal shape
-Mutation of spectrum proteins

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WBC Categories?

-Granulocytes (1 + 2)
(NEB)
-Agranulocytes (1)
(LM)

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Some cells can migrate out of blood into?

Loose CT
(Monocytes and Macrophages)
(Basophils and Mast Cells)

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Only cells that can recirculate?

Lymphocytes

Most abundant leukocyte?

Neutrophil (PMNs)

Neutrophil?

Granulocyte
(1 = lysosomes)
(2 = lysozymes –> inflammation)
(3 = metalloproteinases (MMPs) –> neutrophil migration)

Characteristics of Neutrophil?

-Multi-lobed
-Large circular cell
-Moderate amount of granules; stains light
-6-10 hours of circulation
-1st lined defense against bacteria (innate immunity)

Neutrophil Migration?

Rolling –> Adhesion –> Migration
(interns bind ICAM)
(migrate to site of injury + phagocytize bacteria via degranulation)
(cells accumulate with dead bacteria = pus)

Barr Body?

Inactive X chromosome

Basophil?

Granulocytes
(1 = lysosome)
(2 = histamine + vasoactive reagents)

Characteristics of Basophil?

-bi-lobed "S"-shaped -large circular cell -lots of granules stain dark -N/A circulation -response to allergic reaction

Allergy Response of Basophils?

-Antigens bind IgE -Degranulation of 2 granules with vasoactive reagents -Results in hypersensitive and anaphylaxis

Mast Cells perform just like?

Basophils (but they do same thing in CT) (Originate from B-cells)

Eosinophils?

Granulocytes (1 = lysosomes) (2 = major basic protein + peroxidase)

Characteristics of Eosinophil?

-bi-lobed -large circular cell -lots of granules stain orange/pink/red -N/A circulation -response to parasitic (helminth) infection

Eosinophils are found in?

Blood or Loose CT (lamina propria) during: -Chronic inflammation -Parasitic (helminth) infection -Allergic response

Monocyte?

Agranulocyte (1 = lysosomes)

Characteristics of Monocyte?

-mono-lobed "C"-shaped or bean shaped -largest circular cell in blood smear -light due to lack of granules -1-3 days in circulation -innate immune system

Immune Response of Monocyte?

-Migrate to site of injury and transform not macrophages -Macrophages phagocytize bacteria

Lymphocytes?

Agranulocyte (1 = lysosomes)

Characteristics of Lymphocyte?

-large circular nucleus takes up entire cell -small circular cell -large nucleus stains dark -N/A circulation -cell-mediated + humoral immune response

T-Cells?

(Lymphocyte) Cell-Mediated Immunity (T helper (CD4)) (T cytotoxic (CD8))

B-Cells?

(Lymphocyte) Humoral Immunity -Become activated upon antigen binding -Transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies

Lymphocytes can?

Recirculate after leaving blood

Platelets?

(Thrombocytes) Granules = Fibrinogen + Plasminogen + Platelet-derived growth factor

Characteristics of Platelets?

-anucleate (no nucleus) -small circular discs -pink due to no nucleus -8-10 days in circulation -blood clotting + tissue repair

Platelets Zones?

(4 Zones) -Peripheral Zone -Structural Zone -Organelle Zone -Membrane Zone

Platelets are derived from?

Megakaryocytes (in bone marrow)

Blood Clot Formation?

-Serotonin stops blood flow at injury site -ADP + thromboxane A2 cause platelet aggregation (primary plug) -FIbrinogen converts fibrin (secondary plug) (blood returns)