Lecture 6- Learning and control of dietary behaviour

Question 1

What is the rate that food is emptied from the stomach?

Answer 1

Food is emptied from the stomach at 2-3 kcal per min (for mainly solid meal)

Question 2

What happens when you take feedback away from gut?

Answer 2

If you take this way; food intake increases

Davis and Cambel- SHAM FEEDING

Question 3

Why is Inhibition and stimulation important?

Answer 3

Orosensory stimulation can both inhibit and stimulate intake

Process of eating is reinforcing meal size

ALL sensory information can inhibit and stimulate

Relative to day 5; there is some inhibition of intake which is produced by sensory cues associated with the act of eating

Question 4

BOOTH

Mere exposure to odour can…

Answer 4

influence food intake

Booth concluded that an association is formed between the sensory characteristics of the odour and the somatic cues that are present towards the end of a meal.

Odour now has capacity to affect amount of food consumed!

Since this early demonstration the effect has been replicated several times in animals.

Question 5

Failure to replicate energy conditioning in humans- ZANDSTRA

Answer 5

Adults do not readily acquire accurate conditioned adjustments for energy content in food after repeated experience

After being exposed to high and low calories yoghurts and their lunch intake measured

Question 6

What do Assessments to the extent learning manifests in humans look at?

Answer 6

The amount eaten

Question 7

Expected satiety:

Answer 7

Absence of hunger

The extent to which foods differ in the satiety they are expected to confer when compared on a calorie-for-calorie basis.

Question 8

Expected satiation:

Answer 8

To what extent do you expect the meal to provide fullness

The extent to which foods differ in the fullness they are expected to confer when compared on a calorie-for-calorie basis.

Question 9

Expectations can be conditioned…

Answer 9

High energy density condition

Day 2 BIG increase in ex

SO, some form of conditioning must be taking place

Expectation before a meal begins may govern the amount we eat

Question 10

Corrupted learning:

Answer 10

Learning can be negative and corrupted- leading to weight gain

Question 11

Susie Swithers and Davidson

Sweeteners and impact on metabolic health and obesity

Answer 11

Increase in body in sweet NON-PREDICTIVE condition fed rats

Sweetness is a predictor of energy content fails to elicit a strong cephalic change response

IE blunted cephalic response

Disrupting the relationship between sweet taste and caloric content of foods increases caloric intake, adiposity, and bodyweight.

Question 12

Should we assume that non-nutritive sweeteners cause obesity?

Answer 12

There is no certainty within the field