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z Bio104: Gen. Ecology > Lecture 6: Human Population > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Human Population Flashcards

1
Q

Human populations during the stone age were ____.

A

low

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2
Q

All density-dependent growth limiting factors applied:

A
  • Competition for food
  • Availability of water
  • Risk of predation
  • Spread of disease
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3
Q

About ______ years ago, ____ ____ migrated out of Africa into the ____ _____.

A
  • 130,000
  • Homo sapiens
  • Fertile Crescent
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4
Q

Transition from hunting and gathering to cultivating food, fiber, and other animal and plant products

A

First Agricultural Revolution

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5
Q

loosens up soil for planting

A

Plowing

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6
Q

is the selection of human-desired traits in domesticated species

A

Breeding

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7
Q

Transition from an rural, agrarian society to an urbanized one dominated by machine manufacturing

A

Industrial Revolution

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8
Q

Accompanied by several important medical discoveries in Industrial Evolution

A
  • Germ theory
  • Vaccines
  • Antibiotics
  • Water treatment
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9
Q

Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

A

Germ Theory

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10
Q

Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease

A

Vaccines

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11
Q

Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.

A

Antibiotics

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12
Q

Filtration and chlorination of water to remove
microorganisms and toxins.

A

Water Treatment

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13
Q

estimates how long it will take a population to
double in size at its current growth rate

A

Doubling time

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14
Q

formula for doubling time

A

70 / Current % growth rate

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15
Q

As growth rate _____, doubling time _____ proportionally.

A
  • increases, decrease
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16
Q

Statistical characteristics of the human population based on age, income, and other factors.

A

Human Demographics

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17
Q

measures how long an average newborn will live

A

Life expectancy

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18
Q

Life expectancy is most influenced by _____ _____ ____.

A

Infant mortality rate

19
Q
  • is the number of infant (less than 1 year old) deaths per 1,000 births.
A

infant mortality rate

20
Q

the replacement level and will result in a stable population.

A

Fertility rate of 2.1

21
Q

is the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

A

Total fertility rate

22
Q

is the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person

A

GDP per capita

23
Q

Positive factors that is included in GDP per capita

A

▫ Infrastructure
▫ Rate of volunteering
▫ Ecosystem services

24
Q

Negatuve factors that is not included in GDP per capita

A

▫ Income inequality
▫ Pollution
▫ Impacts of climate change
▫ Crime

25
Q

is when people move into an area, increasing population.

A

Immigration

26
Q

is when people leave an area, decreasing
population

A

Emigration

27
Q

Population pyramids show the distribution of age groups separated by ____ and _____.

A

male and female

28
Q

4 kinds of population pyramids

A
  • Initial Stability
  • Rapid Growth
  • Stabilizing growth
  • Negative growth
29
Q

▫ High birth rate (>2.1) offset by low life expectancy

A

Initial Stability

30
Q

High birth rate (>2.1) plus increasing life expectancy

A

Rapid growth

31
Q

▫ High life expectancy.
▫ Birth rate slows to replacement level (~2.1)

A

Stabilizing growth

32
Q

Birth rate drops below replacement level (<2.1)

A

Negative growth

33
Q

How demographics change as a country develops and industrializes.

A

Demographic transition

34
Q

Four stages of demographic transition

A
  • Pre-industrial
  • Transitional
  • Industrial
  • Postindustrial
35
Q

Experiencing shifts in demographic transition, which impact overall population size

A

Birth rate and death rate

36
Q

birth rates and death rates are both high, 22
keeping the population stable

A

Preindustrial stage

37
Q

children support the family income and care for elders

A

Prontalist pressures

38
Q

death rates fall rapidly as access to food and medicine improve.

A

Early transition

39
Q

birth rates gradually fall through a series of social changes.

A

late transition stage

40
Q

birth rates reach equilibrium death rates, and the population stabilizes

A

industrial stage

41
Q

birth rates continue falling due to a series of antinatalist forces.
- High economic costs; both parents work full time.
- The population begins to shrink.

A

post-industrial stage

42
Q

China used a program of birth quotas, regulations, and enforcements to rapidly pass through the demographic transition and reduce population growth.

A

China’s one and two-child policy

43
Q

The human population will ____ as each country passes through the ____ ____.

A
  • stabilize
  • Demographic transition

z Bio104: Gen. Ecology (6 decks)

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