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z Bio104: Gen. Ecology > Lecture 3: Ecosystems on Land > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Ecosystems on Land Flashcards

1
Q

is the part of the Earth that supports life

A

Biosphere

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2
Q

Spread around the biosphere are ___.

A

Biomes

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3
Q

land-based ecosystems with unique biotic and abiotic factors.

A

Biomes

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4
Q

Nonliving conditions that influence the type of biome found in a geographic area

A

Abiotic Factors

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5
Q

The two most significant abiotic factors in biomes are _______ and _______.

A

Temperature and Precipitation

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6
Q

The Temperature and Precipitation are influenced by:

A

Latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, nearby mountains

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7
Q

is the distance from the equator, measured in
degrees north or south.

A

Latitude

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8
Q

As latitude ______, temperature and primary productivity tend to _____ __ __ __ _____ ___ ___.

A
  • Increase
  • decrease due to the changing sun angle
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9
Q

is the elevation above sea level.

A

Altitude

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10
Q

As altitude _____, average temperature and primary productivity ______.

A

increases, decrease

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11
Q

is a moving system of deep ocean currents that circulate warmth across the globe.

A

ocean conveyor

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12
Q

Biomes located near bodies of water have ____ precipitation______.

A

greater, levels

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13
Q

is a periodic warming and cooling of the central/eastern Pacific Ocean caused by shifts in trade winds

A

El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle

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14
Q

ENSO cycle: Normal Year

A

The warmest waters gather in the western Pacific, fueling rainfall throughout southeast Asia.

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15
Q

ENSO cycle: during an El Niño year

A

warm waters shift to the coast of South America, fueling more rainfall in the Western U.S.

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16
Q

is a decrease in precipitation on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing winds.

A

Rainshadow Effect

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17
Q

Faces winds, receives more precipitation.

A

Windward slope

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18
Q

Reduced precipitation. Opposite of Windward slop

A

Leeward slope

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19
Q

are combination line/bar graphs that show trends in temperature and precipitation over a typical year in a biome

A

Climatographs

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20
Q

What does climatographs show?

A

Precipiation and Temperature

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21
Q

-Low precipitation, high temperatures.
- Lowest net primary productivity of all
ecosystems

A

Deserts

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22
Q

Types of deserts

A
  • Subtropical deserts
  • Rainshadow deserts
  • Coastal desserst
  • Temperate deserts
  • Polar deserts
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23
Q

-form between the tropics and temperate latitudes.
- Convection cells deliver dry air
down from the atmosphere at
30°N and 30°S.

A

Subtropical deserts

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24
Q

deserts that are found on the leeward side of mountain ranges

A

Rainshadow deserts

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25
Q

desert that are the result of wind currents that run parallel a coastline.

A

coastal deserts

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26
Q

deserts that have seasonal temperature variations.

A

Temperate deserts

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27
Q

deserts that are consistently cold and dry.

A

Polar deserts

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28
Q

Adaptations of deserts organism:

A

○ Ability to store water (e.g. succulents) or fat (e.g. camels).
○ Reduced growth rate and/or herd size.
○ Spikes and camouflage for defense.
○ Energy conservation (dormancy, cold-blooded)
○ Deep taproots

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29
Q

Moderate or seasonal precipitation.
Warm or seasonal temperatures.
Moderate net primary productivity.

A

Grasslands

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30
Q

Types of grasslands

A
  • Savannas or tropical grasslands
  • Prairies or temperate grasslands
  • Tundras or polar grasslands
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31
Q

are located near the equator between tropical forests and subtropical deserts
○ Temperature: Consistent
○ Precipitation: Seasonal

A

Savannas or tropical grasslands

32
Q

are found in midlatitudes.
○ Temperature: Seasonal
○ Precipitation: Moderate

A

Prairies or temperate grasslands

33
Q

short growing seasons and permanently frozen soil called permafrost.
○ Temperature: Consistently cold
○ Precipitation: Moderate

A

Tundras or polar grasslands

34
Q

permanently frozen soil

A

Permafrost

35
Q

Adaptations of grassland plants

A

◍Prairie plants have deep and complex root structures that allow them to recover from drought, wildfire, cold winters, and grazing animals.
◍Tundra plants are lowlying due to permafrost and mature rapidly in the short growing season

36
Q
  • Consistent moderate-to-high precipitation that supports tree growth.
    -Warm or seasonal temperatures.
    -High net primary productivity across multiple layers.
A

Forests

37
Q

Layers of forest (from top to bottom)

A
  • Emergent layer
  • Canopy
  • Understory
  • Forest floor
38
Q
  • is the uppermost layer in a forest
  • Receives the most direct sunlight. Few plants reach this high.
A

Emergent layer

39
Q
  • is the highest layer that most trees reach, and contains most of the plant and animal life.
  • Highest net primary productivity area of any forest.
A

Canopy

40
Q

is the layer of vegetation below the canopy, where only 5% of the sunlight reaches.

A

Understory

41
Q

is the bottommost layer of the forest, and has a community centered around decomposition

A

Forest Floor

42
Q
  • Wide, flat leaves that
    maximize sun absorption.
  • Prone to moisture loss via
    transpiration.
  • Shed in winters or prolonged
    dry seasons.
A

Broadleaf trees

43
Q
  • Narrow, wax-coated leaves.
  • Absorb less sunlight but
    transpire less water.
  • Not shed during cold or dry
    seasons
A

Coniferous Trees

44
Q

Types of forest

A
  • Tropical rainforests
  • Temperate rainforests
  • Deciduos forests
  • Boreal forest (also called taiga)
  • Mediterrannean forests (also called chaparral)
45
Q
  • receive high rainfall and are consistently warm.
    ○ Broadleaf trees only.
    ○ Highest net primary productivity of all land-based ecosystems.
A

Tropical Rainforests

46
Q
  • also receive high rainfall but have seasonal temperature changes.
    ○ Broadleaf or coniferous trees.
A

Temperate rainforests

47
Q
  • have moderate precipitation and significant
    seasonal temperature changes.
    ○ Mostly broadleaf trees that shed their leaves each winter.
A

Deciduos forests

48
Q

are the coldest and driest of all the forest biomes.
○ Coniferous trees only.
- Also called taiga

A

Boreal forests

49
Q

have highly seasonal rainfall that mostly falls during the winter months.
○ Small coniferous trees and shrubs.
- Also called chaparral

A

Mediterrannean forests

50
Q

Subcontinental land masses surrounded
by water.

A

Islands

51
Q

Islands have many species that are ____, or not found anywhere else in the world.

Evolved due to the ________ effect

A

-Endemic
-Founder effect

52
Q

the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

A

-Founder effect

53
Q

Islands are ____ ____ due to the number of endemic species present.

A

-Biodiversity hotspots

54
Q

predicts that the species richness or biodiversity of an island depends on two factors: Island size and Distance from mainland

A

-Theory of island biogeography

55
Q

What are the two factors that depends on theory of biogeography?

A

-Island size
-Distance from mainland.

56
Q

As island size ____, species richness also _____ (____ ___).

A

-Increase, increase (positive correlation)

57
Q

As distance from the mainland ____, species richness ____. (___ ___ )

A

-Increase, decrease (Inverse correlation)

58
Q

Land converted for human development

A

-Urban ecosystems

59
Q

Urban development causes ___ ___ by dividing natural areas up into smaller pieces

A
  • Habitat fragmentation
60
Q
  • Cause when an individual building redirects the wind head on spreading in all direction.
  • Large Buildings block wind flow, causing updrafts and downdrafts
A
  • The Downdraught Effect
61
Q

causes cities to be warmer due to the absorptive properties of asphalt and pavement, and reduced air flow due to blocked winds.

A
  • The urban heat island effect
62
Q

connect fragmented ecosystems, restoring gene flow

A
  • Land bridges
63
Q

Classifying organisms based on their
niche

A
  • Specialist and Generalists
64
Q

Properties of Generalists

A

◍Variety of food sources.
◍Wide range of environmental conditions.
◍Highly adaptable to many niches. ◍Tend to be invasive species. ◍Dominate edge habitats and urban areas

65
Q

Properties of Specialists

A

◍Specific food source.
◍Narrow range of environmental conditions.
◍Highly adapted to one niche.
◍Tend to be endangered species. ◍Dominate islands and interior habitats.

66
Q

Process of change in the abiotic and biotic factors of an ecosystem over time

A
  • Succession
67
Q

occurs when a new ecosystem is created–no prior life exists.

A
  • Primary succession
68
Q

Example of primary succession

A
  • Volcanic Island
69
Q

The first stage of primary succession requires rock to be ___ __ __.

A
  • weathered into soil.
70
Q

Pioneer species of primary succession are __, __ because they are first to appear in the new ecosystem.

A
  • Lichens and Mosses
71
Q

The middle stages of primary succession are dominated by ___ ___ like grasses and wildflowers.

A
  • Intermediate species
72
Q

Late stages result in the formation of a ___ ___ that is highly stable and will remain until a disruption occurs.

A
  • Climax community
73
Q

Dominated by niche specialists that are slow-growing but long-lived.

A
  • Late stages
74
Q

Primary succession process

A
  • First Stage (weathering of soil, mosses, and lichens)
  • Intermediate stage (grass and wildflowers
  • Late stages (formation of climax community)
75
Q

occurs when an existing ecosystem undergoes a disruption –fire, flood, volcanic eruption, etc.

A
  • Secondary succession
76
Q

Occurs faster than primary succession because soil is already present.

A
  • Secondary succession
77
Q

Secondary succession process

A
  • Disruption to existing ecosystem – Soil is intact - Rapid transition to intermediate species – Climax community takes decades.

z Bio104: Gen. Ecology (6 decks)

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