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z Bio104: Gen. Ecology > Lecture 5: Water Resources and Pollution > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Water Resources and Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of water

A
  • found in every living systems
  • Dissolves and transports many molecules (nitrates, phosphate, minerals)
  • Quickly moves
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2
Q

Distribution of water

A
  • Freshwater (3%)
  • Ocean (97%)
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3
Q

Distribution of water from freshwater (3%)

A
  • (70%) comes from ice caps and glaciers
  • (29%) Groundwater (Aquifers)
  • (1%) easily accesible freshwater
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4
Q

Distribution of freshwater (3%) from Easily accessible freshwater (1%)

A
  • (52%) Lakes
  • (1%) Rivers
  • (8%) Water vapor
  • (38%) Soil Moisture
  • (1%) Living organism
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5
Q

Hydrologic Cycle also known as

A

Water cycle

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6
Q

Give the Hydrologic Cycle (water cycle)
(TO BE CHECKED)

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Condensation
  3. Precipitation
  4. Runoff
  5. Infiltration
  6. Transpiration
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7
Q

liquid water is being heated and converted to water vapor

A

Evaporation

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8
Q

if relative humidity is reached, water vapor cool and liquifies

A

Condensation

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9
Q

water droplets combine and fall from clouds

A

Precipitation

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10
Q

flows downhill to a stream, then a lake or ocean

A

runoff

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11
Q

Seeps through spaces in soil

A

Infiltration

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12
Q

evaporation from the leaves of the plants

A

Transpiration

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13
Q

are underground formation of rock and sand that hold water

A

Aquifers

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14
Q

it is the uppermost boundary of aquifers

A

Water table

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15
Q

2 types of aquifers

A
  1. Unconfined Aquifers
  2. Confined Aquifers
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16
Q

is recharged from the ground surface directly above it

A

Unconfined Aquifers

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17
Q

has an impermeable layer of clay or rock that limits recharging to a smaller area

A

Confined aquifers

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18
Q

is the entire area of land where water runoff or infiltration feeds a specific river

A

Watershed

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19
Q

Withdrawal and consumption of water for agriculture, drinking, etc.

A

Water use

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20
Q

amount of water diverted or removed from its source
- a portion may be returned afterwards
(eg Powerplant coolant water)

A

Withdrawal

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21
Q

water withdraw and PERMANENTLY removed from a source
(eg. Irrigation)

A

Consumption

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22
Q

The Three (3) largest demand for water withdrawal

A
  • Power generation (cooland water and for generating steam)
  • Irrigation (Watering crops)
  • Domestic (House water use)
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23
Q

the LARGEST CONSUMER OF WATER worldwide, as most of it is either taken in by plants or evaporated into the atmosphere

A

Irrigation

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24
Q

occurs when the DEMAND for water is GREATER than the supply
- leads to depletion of freshwater resources

A

Water stress

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25
Q

Regions with water stress tend to be…
- ?
- ?
- ?

A
  • naturally arid
  • heavily populated
  • Growing water intensive crops and animals.
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26
Q

The environmental impacts of overconsumption of freshwater supplies

A
  • decrease in river flow
  • lowering of lake and reservoir levels
  • subsidence, or greater sinking of lands
  • Saltwater intrusion
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27
Q

freshwater depletion causes movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers

A

Saltwater intrusion

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28
Q

Alternative water sources and reducing water consumption

A

Water conservation

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29
Q

is the REMOVAL OF SALT FROM OCEAN WATER, through Distillation and Reverse osmosis

A

Desalination

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30
Q

two possible methods in Desalination

A

Distillation and Reverse Osmosis

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31
Q

Desalination: _______ - boils the water and collects the steam

A

Distillation

32
Q

Desalination: _______ - passes pressurized water through a filter

A

Reverse Osmosis

33
Q

Disadvantage of Desalination

A
  • Produces a lot of salt water waste (Brine)
  • Uses very high cost of energy
34
Q

Salt water waste of desalination

A

Brine

35
Q

What are the conservation efforts (of water) on agriculture

A
  • Installing drip irrigation
  • Counter plowing and terracing
  • lining irrigation
36
Q

What are the conservation efforts (of water) Around High efficiency device

A
  • Dual-flash toilet
  • Low-flow showerheads and faucets that use AERATORS
  • Effiencient dishwashers
37
Q

uses drought-tolerant plants in the homes and yards and arid and climate

A

Xeriscaping

38
Q

recirculate used water from the sink or shower into the toilet or for yard irrigation

A

Graywater systems

39
Q

alternative water sources and reducing consumption

A

Water Pollution

40
Q

the Act that limit what can be thrown in the bodies of water

A

Clean Water Act in 1970

41
Q

The agency that lists the impaired water

A

The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

42
Q

Causes of Impaired waters

A
  • Coliform bacteria
  • Heavy metals
  • Persistent organic pollutants(POPs)
  • Oxygen Depleting Pollution
  • Nutrient pollution
43
Q

diease-causing bacteria from untreated human sewage and manure

A

Coliform bacteria

44
Q

Neurotoxins. Released by mining and the use of synthetic fertilizers

A

Heavy Metals

45
Q

Synthetic chemicals that do not degrade and are prone to biomagnification and bioaccumulation “forever chemicals”

A

POPs (Persistent Organic Pollulants)

46
Q

is the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism.

A

Bioaccumulation

47
Q

is the increase in concentration of a substance, e.g a pesticide, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

A

Biomagnification

48
Q

Biodegradable matter consumed by decomposers, who deplete oxygen levels in water

A

Oxygen Depleting Pollution

49
Q

Nitrogen and phosphorus-rich compounds that produce algae overgrowth

A

Nutrient Pollution

50
Q

Water pollution comes from SINGLE IDENTIFIABLE SOURCE
- Factories
- Water treatment

A

Point Source

51
Q

Water pollution comes from runoff or infiltration from a wide area
- Agricultural fields
- City stormwater drains
- Home septic systems

A

Nonpoint source

52
Q

is an increase in algae growth as fertilizer enters surface waters

A

Cultural eutrophication

53
Q

Act that;
- Set limits and testing requirements for contiminants in municipal tap water

  • Does not apply to non municipal well water or bottled water
A

Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA)

54
Q

Act that;
- Generally fewer testing and contiminant requirements that tap water
- Water must be classified

A

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA)

55
Q

Artesian water source

A

Confined aquifer

56
Q

Mineral/Sprint water source

A

Unconfined aquifer

57
Q

Purified water source

A

Tapwater

58
Q

Act that REQUIRED to have DOUBLE-HUL design by 2015 and increase legal liability of oil companies for oil spills

A

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

59
Q

Impacts of Oils

A
  • Mammals (penetrates fur, causing hypothermia in cold waters)
  • Birds (penerates feathers preventing flight, causing hypothermia
  • Fish and Plankton (oil is directly toxic to them)
  • Bethos (suffocation)
60
Q

Plastics are not biodegradable but will break down into smaller pieces as they are exposed to sunlight, forming tiny ____

A

Microplastics

61
Q

Example of subsidence

A

Joaquin Valley california (1965)

62
Q

How deep does subsidence that occured in Joaquin Valley california

A

7.3 feet

63
Q

2 rivers in mesopotamia

A

Tigris and Euphrates

64
Q

Impermeable layer of confined aquifers

A

Clay (Aquiclude)

65
Q

The 3C’s rule

A

Choose
Clean
Cook

66
Q

Where do 3C’s exists?

A

Lake Michigan fish

67
Q

fish that are
primary consumers
and not bottom
feeders.

A

Choose

68
Q

3C’s: _____ fish for eating
by removing as much
fat as possible.

A

Clean

69
Q

3C’s: _____ fish on a grill or grate.

A

Cook

70
Q

Kinds of culture eutrophication

A

Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic
Hypereutrophic

71
Q

• low nutrients
• low turbidity
• high sunlight

A

Oligotrophic

72
Q

• Increasing nutrients,
turbidity, and algae
• Decreasing sunlight

A

Mesotrophic

73
Q

• High nutrients
• High turbidity
• Hypoxia, reduced
dissolved oxygen

A

Eutrophic

74
Q

• High nutrients
• High turbidity
• Anoxia, absence of
dissolved oxygen

A

Hypereutrophic

75
Q

What year did the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Alaska, causing
the greatest oil spill up to that point.

A

1989

76
Q

Name of the oil tanker ran aground in Alaska

A

Exxon Valdez

z Bio104: Gen. Ecology (6 decks)

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