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z Bio104: Gen. Ecology > Lecture 2: Climate > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Climate Flashcards

1
Q
  • is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, cloudiness, and other atmospheric conditions
  • occurring at a specific place and time
  • Short-term
A

Weather

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2
Q

is the long-term average pattern of weather and may be local, regional, or global

A

Climate

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3
Q
  • the electromagnetic energy emanating from the
    Sun
  • travels more or less unimpeded through the vacuum of space
    until it reaches Earth’s atmosphere.
A

Solar radiation

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4
Q

The hotter the object is, the _____ _____ the emitted photons and the _____ the wavelength

A
  • more energetic
  • shorter the wavelength
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5
Q

The quantity of shortwave radiation reflected by a surface is a function of its reflectivity

A

Albedo

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6
Q

Global annual averaged albedo

A

approximately 0.30

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7
Q

Which color relflects more (albedo)

A

white, and bright colors

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8
Q

Which color relflects less (albedo)

A

-black and dark colors

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9
Q

is a measurement from of how reflective a surface is.

A

Albedo

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10
Q

How much albedo does black objects have?

A

<0.1 (less the 10% of its infrared energy is reflected)

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11
Q

How much albedo does white objects have?

A

> 0.80 ( more than 80% of infrared energy is reflected)

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12
Q

net shortwave radiation absorbed by the surface formula

A

Net shortwave radiation absorbed by the surface = Incoming shortwave radiation – reflective shortwave radiation

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13
Q

some of the energy absorbed by Earth’s surface (both land and water) is emitted back out into space is called

A

terrestrial longwave radiation

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14
Q

If the amount of incoming shortwave radiation exceeds the amount of outgoing longwave radiation = ______

A

Surface temperature increases

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15
Q

if the quantity of outgoing longwave radiation exceeds the incoming shortwave radiation = _______

A

surface temperature decreases

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16
Q

Average temperature of our planet is…..

A

approximately 15°C

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17
Q

Why is it hotter in the equator than the poles?

A

= At higher latitudes, solar radiation hits the surface at a steeper angle, spreading sunlight over a larger area
=solar radiation that penetrates the atmosphere at a steep angle must travel through a deeper layer of air

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18
Q

What gives rise to seasons on earth?

A

IT IS BECAUSE EARTH DOES NOT STAND UP STRAIGHT BUT RATHER TILTS TO ITS SIDE

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19
Q

two distinct motions of earth

A
  • rotation
  • revolution
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20
Q

While it orbits the Sun, Earth rotates about an axis that passes through the North and South Poles, giving rise to the brightness of day followed by the darkness of night

A

The Diurnal cycle

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21
Q

Earth travels around the Sun in an

A

Ecliptic plane

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22
Q

Earth’s axis of spin is not perpendicular to the ecliptic plane but tilted at an angle of ____

A

23.5-24 degrees

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23
Q

resulting convergence of winds from the north and south in the region of the equator

A

Intertropical convergence zone, or ITCZ

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24
Q

Spin of the earth is?

A

Counterclockwise, from west to east

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25
Q

part of the earth that has largest circumference

A

the Equator

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26
Q

Speed of rotation and how wide is the circumference of the equator?

A

the speed of rotation is 1674 km per hour, the circumference is at 40,176 km)

27
Q

circumference and speed of 60 degrees North and South

A

Half of the equator (20,130 km circumference) and 839 km per hour (speed of rotation)

28
Q

all moving objects in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the

A

Right (clockwise motion)

29
Q

air masses and all moving objects in the Southern Hemisphere to the

A

Left (counterclockwise motion)

30
Q

deflection in the pattern of air flow is the

A

Coriolis effect

31
Q

The coriolis effect, named after the 19thcentury French mathematician

A

G. C. Coriolis

32
Q

How many cells does the earth have?

A

Six Cells, 3 on each hemisphere (North and south)

33
Q

what are the 3 cells?

A
  • Polar cell
  • ferrel cell
  • hadley cell
34
Q
  • The global pattern of prevailing winds plays a crucial role in
    determining major patterns of surface water flow in Earth’s oceans.
  • These systematic patterns of water movement are called
A

Currents

35
Q
  • Each ocean is dominated by two great circular water motions or
A

Gyres

36
Q

Within each gyre, the ocean current moves _____ in the Northern Hemisphere and _____ in the Southern Hemisphere

A
  • Clockwise in Northern hemisphere
  • Counterclockwise in southern hemisphere
37
Q

Formula for finding Celsius, given Fahrenheit

A

°C = (°F-32)* 5/9

38
Q

Formula to find Fahrenheit, given Celsius

A

°F = °C × (9/5) + 32

39
Q

Formula to find kelvin given celsius

A

Kelvin = Celsius + 273

40
Q

Formula to find kelvin given fahrenheit

A
  1. convert fahrenheit to celcius
  2. Celsius + 273=Kelvin
41
Q

Whenever matter, including water, changes from one state to another, energy is _______________

A

either absorbed or released

42
Q

amount of energy released or absorbed (per gram) during a change of state

A

Latent heat

43
Q

Latent heat from latin

A

latens, means “hidden”

44
Q

In going from a more ordered state (liquid) to a less ordered state (gas), energy is _______

A

absorbed

45
Q

going from a less ordered to a more ordered state, energy is _______

A

Released

46
Q

, the transformation of water from a liquid to a gaseous state, requires 2260 joules (J) of energy per gram of liquid water to be converted to water vapor

A

Evaporation

47
Q

evaporation requires _______ of energy per gram of liquid water

A

2260 joules (J)

48
Q

the transformation of water vapor to a liquid state, releases an equivalent amount of energy.

A

Condensation

49
Q
  • The amount of pressure that water vapor exerts independent of the pressure of dry air
  • defined in units of pascals (Pa)
A

Vapor pressure

50
Q

The water vapor content of air at saturation

A

saturation vapor pressure

51
Q
  • The saturation vapor pressure, also known as the water vapor capacity of air _________
A

cannot be exceeded

52
Q

If the vapor pressure exceeds the capacity, ___________

A

condensation occurs

53
Q

Saturation vapor pressure varies with temperature, ____________________________

A

increasing as air temperature increases

54
Q

Warm air has greater ______ for water vapor than does _______

A

capacity; cold air

55
Q

The amount of water in a given volume of air

A

Absolute humidity

56
Q

A more familiar measure of the water content of the air

A

relative humidity

57
Q

At saturation vapor pressure, the relative humidity is ____________

A

100 percent

58
Q

If air cools, while the actual mositure content stays constant then……

A

Relative humidity increases as the saturation vapor pressure declines

59
Q

If the air cools to a point where the actual vapor pressure is equal to the saturation vapor pressure, moisture in the air will ____________

A

condense

60
Q

As it rises, it cools, and as it cools, the _____________________

A

relative humidity increases

61
Q

When the relative humidity reaches 100 percent, water vapor condenses and forms _______

A

Clouds

62
Q

As soon as particles of water or ice in the air become too heavy to remain suspended _____

A

precipitation falls

63
Q
  • For a given water content of a parcel of air (vapor pressure), the temperature at which saturation vapor pressure is achieved (relative humidity is 100 percent) is
A

dew point temperature

z Bio104: Gen. Ecology (6 decks)

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