Lecture 1 Flashcards
Investigates how organisms interact with each other and with abiotic factors
Ecology
Deals with the higher level of biological organization
Ecology
Level of Biological Organization (in order)
Subatomic particles –> atoms –> compounds –> organelle –> cells –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism –> population –> Biological community/community –> ecosystem –> biosphere
Group of same species
population
group of different species
Biological Community/ Community
single organisms or population of species
Auteocology
group of several kinds of organisms
Synecology
works as a whole
System
the physical surroundings
Environment
- includes biotic and abiotic, interactions between living and nonliving
- organisms have role in this system
Ecosystem
the functional role played by an organism in an ecosystem
niche
Coined the term ‘Oekologie’ in 1869
Ernst Haeckel
Oekologie is from the 2 greek words, which is
‘oikos’ and ‘logos’
oikos
house
logos
the study of
Father of ecology
Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
“Oecological”Plant Geography
Johannes Warming (1895)
Coined the term “Tropical Rain forest”
Andreas Franz Wilhem Schimper
Introduced plant succession
Henry Chandler Cowles
Types of Successions
Primary and secondary successions
a type of succession that starts from the scratch
Primary Succession
a type of succession that already has established communities but something happened, eg. fire/forest fire
Secondary Succession
Introduced organism concept
Fredric Clements
Plant community structure
Josias Brown-Blanguet
Tropic/Feeding levels
August Thiernermann
Father of Limnology
Francois Alphonse Forel (1868)
Study of inland waters, eg. lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwate
Limnology
Wrote the Book “Lake as Microcosm”
Stephen Alfred Forbes
First book “animal ecology”
Charles Elton (1927)
Ecological Animal Geography
Richard Hesse (1924)
Published the first book- “ A guide to the study of Animal Ecology”
Charles Christopher Adams
Introduced ‘Law of Tolerance’
Victor Ernest Shelford
Father of Modern ecology
George Evelyn Hutchinson
Introduced the ‘Ecosystem Concept’
Arthur George Tansley
“Principal of Animal Ecology”
Warder Clyde Allec
Fundamentals of Ecology
Howard Thomas Odum
Experimental Ecology
Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra
Competition theory; predator prey.
Georgy Gause
Intraspecific Competetion
Arnold Joseph Nicholson
competetion within the same species
Intraspecific Competetion
Niche concept
Henry A. Gleason
Population Regulation
Herbert Andrewartha
Instinctive and aggresive behavior
Lorenz and Tinbergen
Population density versus resources
Thomas Malthus (1798)
Evolutionary Origin
- Charles Darwin
- Ernst Haeckel
Charles Darwin- natural selection as ___ ___
ecological process
4 Divisions of Ecology
- Based on System Studied
- Based on Mechanism/Function
- Based on the level of organization
- Based on taxonomic group studied.
Subdivisions of Ecology
- Auteocology
- Synecology
(3) approaches of ecology
- System Ecology
- Evolutionary Ecology
- Population ecology
Symbiotic Relationships
- mutualism
- commensalism,
- parasitism
Both species benefits.
Mutualism
an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
Commensalism
relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism.
Parasitism
Types of Scale
- Biological Scale
- Spatial Scale
- Temporal Scale
only for organization
Individial Organism –> Populations –> Communities –> Ecosystem
Biological Scale
the study of area can be as small as within an organism an entire biosphere
Spatial scale
succession studies changes in community composition or ecosystem properties through time.
can be matter of hours, thousand of years or all in between
long term studies (>3) are difficult to do.
Temporal Scale
Scale of Ecological Investigations
-Individual Space
- Local patch/ ecological neighborhood
- Regional scale
- Biogeographcal Scale.
Kinds of evidence used by ecologist
(Testing methods)
- Observation and monitoring
- Manipulative field experiments
- Laboratory experiments including complex and simple system
- Mathematical Modelling
is the act of viewing or noting on detail, fact, or occurence
Observation
- an educated guess
- a testable explanation of prediction based on the observation and scientists prior knowledge
hypotheses
to test the hypothesis under controlled conditions with defined variables
experiment
kinds of variables
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
- Controlled Variable
new factor that is to be introduced or tested
Independent Variable
measured result that it influenced by the independence variable
Dependent Variable
kept contrast so they do not influence the dependent variable
Controlled Variable
includes all of the measurements and observations made during the experiment.
Data
states whether the hypothesis is supported by the experiment
conclusion
involves publishing the results for other scientist to review and check for error, bias or uncontrolled variables.
Peer review
is an estimate of how different as a resul is from the actual value
margin of error
the experiment to turn out in a certain way
Bias
reduce bias by ensuring the test subjects not to know whether they in the experiment or controll group
blind experiments
prevent both scientist and subjects from knowing which is the experimental group
double-blind experiments
observed when they are statiscal variables which have a relationship that not be expected by chance alone
Correlation
