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GI Exam I > Lecture 6: Histology of the Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Histology of the Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innermost layer of the digestive tube and what are its layers?

A

Mucosa:

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

What’s found in the lamina propria?

A
  • CT
  • Lymphatic nodules and immunocompetent cells
  • Glands and components of the circulatory system
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3
Q

What is the function of the Submucosa; houses glands in what 2 regions?

A
  • Provides nerve, vascular, and lymphatics supply
  • Houses glands in 2 regions: Esophagus and Duodenum
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4
Q

What 2 layers are found within the Muscularis Externa?

A

1) Inner circular layer of smooth muscle
2) Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is the outermost layer composed of and where does it differ?

A
  • Serosa in intraperitoneal structures
  • Adventitia in retroperitoneal structures
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6
Q

Label the 7 arrows from top to bottom

A

1) Epithelium
2) Lamina propria
3) Muscularis Mucosa
4) Submucosa
5) Inner circular layer
6) Outer longitudinal layer
7) Serosa

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7
Q

Spinal levels of the: Greater, Lesser, Least, and Lumbar splanchinic nerves?

A
  • Greater = T5-T9
  • Lesser = T10-T11
  • Least = T12
  • Lumbar = L1-L2
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8
Q

Describe the path of the sympathetic branches of the nerves innervating the GI?

A

Presynaptic nerves which synapse in prevertebral ganglia (celiac, SMG, IMG, aorticorenal), the postsynaptic nerves then travel to organs via blood vessels

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9
Q

What are the 2 parasympathetic nerves for autonomic innervation of the GI; where do they stop and start?

A

1) Vagus nerve (stops at left colic flexure)
2) Pelvic splanchnics (left colic flexure inferiorly)

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10
Q

Pelvic splanchnics arise from what vertebral levels?

A

S2, S3, and S4

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11
Q

What are the intrinsic/enteric components of the GI tract innervation?

A

1) Submucosal plexus of Meissner (in submucosa)
2) Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

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12
Q

Where is the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach located?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa

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13
Q

What is denoted by ‘G’ in this picture?

A

Submucosal plexus of Meissner

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14
Q

What is denoted by the letter ‘G’ in this picture?

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

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15
Q

What is the structure that the midde arrow is pointing to?

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

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16
Q

What does sympathetic vs parasympathetic innervation do to gut motility?

A

Sympathetic = decreased motility

Parasympathetic = increased motility and secretions

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17
Q

What does the intrinsic/enteric component of the GI do?

A
  • Peristaltic contractions of the ME and movements of muscularis mucosae
  • Secretory activities of the muscosal and submucosal glands
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18
Q

What is the best way to identify the different regions of the esophagus, how so?

A
  • Using the Muscularis Externa

Upper 1/3: both layers are striated muscle

Middle 1/3: smooth muscle seen deep to striated

Lower 1/3: both layers are smooth muscle

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19
Q

How do you know when you’re looking at the esophageal junction?

A

Epithelium changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach)

20
Q

What is the arrow pointing at?

A

Gastro-esophageal junction

21
Q

What is GERD, caused by?

A

Reflex of acidic contents into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa

22
Q

What is this called clinically, caused by?

A
  • Barret Esophagus
  • Chronic GERD
  • Stratified squamous epithelium replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium
23
Q

The normal transition from esophageal stratified squamous epithelium to gastric simple columnar epithelium occrs at which line?

A

Z-line

24
Q

Label A-C on the stomach

A

A) Cardia

B) Fundus

C) Pyloric antrum

25
Q

What are the folds of mucosa inside the stomach referred to as?

A

Rugae

26
Q

What is found within the submucosa of the stomach?

A
  • No glands
  • Vascular plexus and the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
27
Q

What is found within the Muscularis Externa of the stomach?

A
  • Inner oblique
  • Middle circular = pyloric sphincter and Myenteric plexus of Auerbach’s
  • Outer longitudinal
28
Q

What organ is this?

A

Stomach

29
Q

What organ is this?

A

Stomach

30
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of the body and fundus of the stomach?

A

Numerous gastric glands, BV’s, CT, and lymphoid cells

31
Q

What is found within the lamina propria of the cardia of the stomach?

A
  • Glands tubular (coiled) and continous w/ gastric pits
  • Mucus-secreting cells predominate
  • Parietal and chief cells present, but sparse
32
Q

What is the lamina propria of the Pyloric region of stomach like?

A
  • Deeper gastric pits
  • Glands are larger lumen and highly branched
  • Enteroendocrine cell, gastin-secreting G cells are abundant
33
Q

What part of the stomach is this and how can you tell?

A
  • Cardia mucosa
  • Short pits and coiled glands
34
Q

What part of the stomach is this and how can you tell?

A
  • Body mucosa
  • Short pits w/ long tubular glands
35
Q

What part of the stomach is this and how can you tell?

A
  • Pyloric mucosa
  • Deep pits and highly branched w/ lympoid follicles
36
Q

What cell type is pictured here?

A

Surface Mucous cells

37
Q

What cell types are pictured here from left to right on the bottom arrows?

A

Left = parietal cells

Right = mucous neck cells

38
Q

What are the cells denoted by A and B

A

A) Parietal cells

B) Chief Cells

39
Q

What is the function of Parietal cells?

A

Secrete HCL and Intrinsic Factor (B12)

*Large oval cells, stain light pink

40
Q

What is the function of Chief Cells?

A
  • Contain zymogen granules
  • Make pepsinogen

* Stain darker/bluish

41
Q

What are the two types of cells denoted by the top and bottom blue boxes?

A

Top: Chief Cell

Bottom: Parietal Cell

42
Q

What do Gastroenteroendocrine Cells produce?

A
  • Somatostatin (D-cells)
  • Gastrin (G-cells)
  • Histamine (Enterochromaffin-like cells)
  • Serotonin (Enterochromaffin cells)
  • Ghrenlin (P/D(1)-type endocrine cells)
43
Q

Which part of the Esophagus is this?

A

Middle 1/3

*Notice the smooth muscle AND striated muscle

44
Q

What layer forms the pyloric sphincter?

A

Middle circular layer of the muscularis externa

45
Q

What are the main cell types found in the Pylorus of the stomach?

A
  • Mucus-secreting
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Gastrin-secreting G-cells
46
Q

W

A

GI Exam I (14 decks)

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