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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 6: Harvesting Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

what powers cellular work

A

ATP

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2
Q

what is the ATP factory

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

what releases energy

A

hydrolysis (breaking of bonds) of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate

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4
Q

what is energy transferred between when ATP is mediator

A

between complex and simple molecules

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5
Q

true or false,
“glucose is a simple molecule part of the ATP cycle”

A

true

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6
Q

true or false,
“glycogen is the complex molecule part of the ATP cycle”

A

true

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7
Q

when the simple molecule _____ is digested it can be built up/anabolic reactions to make more _____ _____ glycogen

A

when the simple molecule (glucose) is digested it can be built up/anabolic reactions to make more (complex) (molecule) glycogen

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8
Q

what is released when simple glucose molecules form complex glycogen molecules, vice versa

A

heat

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9
Q

what is carbohydrate metabolism

A

breakdown of glucose

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10
Q

what are each of these components broken down into…
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats

A
  1. simple sugars
  2. amino acids
  3. simple fats
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11
Q

true or false,
“carbohydrates, proteins, fats are absorbed before being broken down”

A

FALSE
carbohydrates, proteins, fats are absorbed AFTER being broken down

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12
Q

step-by-step process for glucose in food/intestines to perform cellular work

A
  • glucose in food/intestines… gut to bloodstream
  • glucose in bloodstream
  • glucose into cell
  • cellular respiration
  • cellular work
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13
Q

what facilitates glucose from bloodstream to cell

A

insulin in pancreas

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14
Q

step-by-step process for glucose in food/intestines to storage unless turned into cellular work

A
  • glucose in food/intestines
  • glucose in bloodstream
  • into cell
  • storage for harder times
  • glucose back into bloodstream and into cell unless it goes to be used for cellular respiration and work
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15
Q

what facilitates storage of glucose back to bloodstream

A

glucagon

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16
Q

name for cross-linked glucose in liver and skeletal muscle… storage

A

glycogen

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17
Q

what allows for the uptake of glucose into the cells

A

insulin

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18
Q

what is stored in liver as glycogen

A

excess energy not used in cellular respiration

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19
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively constant conditions within physiologically tolerable limits

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20
Q

name for when blood glucose levels increase

A

hyperglycemia

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21
Q

name for when blood glucose levels decrease

A

hypoglycemia

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22
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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23
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

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24
Q

x4 steps of conversion of glucose to ATP

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Private oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
  4. e- transport chain
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25
Q

location and function of glycolysis step

A

cytosol - breakdown of glucose

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26
Q

location and function of pyruvate oxidation

A

matrix - link step required to get from glycolysis to citric acid cycle

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27
Q

location of Krebs cycle

A

matrix

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28
Q

location and function of the e- transport chain

A

at proteins within inner membrane - process of chemical osmosis

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29
Q

what is produced in glycolysis

A

x2 ATP
x2 NADH

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30
Q

what are NADH

A

electron carrier in e- transport chain

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31
Q

is O2 required for glycolysis

A

NO

32
Q

what begins glycolysis process

A

breakdown of glucose into x2 pyruvate

33
Q

what are the x2 pyruvate molecules used for

A

mitochondria for cellular respiration… oxidised to compound called acetyl CoA

34
Q

True or false,
“the pyruvate oxidation step does not produce ATP”

A

True

35
Q

purpose of the pyruvate oxidation

A

link glycolysis to citric acid cycle

36
Q

what does pyruvate oxidation from

A

acetyl CoA

37
Q

true or false
“O2 is required in the pyruvate oxidation step”

A

true

38
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A
  • X2 ATP
  • X6 NADH; electron donor in transport chain
  • X2 FADH2: electron donor in transport chain
  • X4 CO2
39
Q

what is required in the citric acid cycle

A

O2 - aerobic process

40
Q

true or false
“Citric cell cycle contains intermediates which feed in and out of other paths to… interconnectedness “

A

true

41
Q

what step completes the extraction of energy from glucose

A

citric acid cycle

42
Q

true or false,
“the product of 1 reaction is the product of the next”

A

FALSE
the product of 1 reaction is the SUBSTRATE of the next

43
Q

what is substrate phosphorylation

A
  • ATP generated by direct transfer (from substrate) of phosphate group to ADP
  • Glycolosis and Citric acid cycle make ATP via substrate phosphorylation
44
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP generated from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons

45
Q

does the electron transport chain require O2

A

YES, requires O2 - aerobic process

46
Q

where does the e- transport chain occur

A

at proteins within the inner membrane

47
Q

describe the process of e- transport chain

A
  • NADH and FADH2 oxidised to donate e-
  • Electron transfer from protein-to-protein along the chain in series of redox reactions
  • At each transfer, each e- gives up a small amount of energy which enables H+ ions to be pumped into the intermembrane space
  • Oxygen “pulls” the electrons down the chain, and is then the final electron acceptor where it is reduced to water
    (NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and Citric acid cycle are used here)
48
Q

what builds up the potential to drive the ATP synthase turbine

A

X3 complexes of 4 are called proton pumps. Able to transfer H+ from matrix and up into intermembrane orange space

49
Q

how much ATP does chemiosmosis produce per glucose

A

26 or 28 ATP

50
Q

H+ in intermembrane space rush down their concentration gradient (chemiosmosis) through ATP synthase
“what direction is this”

A

high to low concentration

51
Q

what does the turning of the turbine in ATP synthase enable?

A

phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP

52
Q

what step does bulk of ATP production occur at

A

oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

what processes do oxidative phosphorylation inc.

A
  • ETC
  • chemisomosis
54
Q

what can block the passage of e- to O2 which lead to cell death

A

cyanide

55
Q

is O2 required in the oxidative phosphorylation

A

Yes, O2 is required

56
Q

what does it mean by “cellular respiration is versatile”

A

derive energy from more than just energy
- fats
- proteins
- complex carbohydrates

57
Q

what can be rate limiting in 3rd step in glycolysis stage

A

phosphofructokinase

58
Q

what happens in a negative feedback loop where if there’s citrate high levels of citrate and high levels of ATP

A

it will be inhibited… be less citrate and less ATP.

59
Q

what is Inhibited by citrate and ATP (cellular respiration products)

A

phosphofructokinase

60
Q

what is Stimulated by AMP (accummulates when ATP is used rapidly)

A

phosphofructokinase

61
Q

what is the suffix in hormones

A
  • on
62
Q

where is insulin produced

A

beta cells of islets of langerhands in pancreas

63
Q

function of insulin

A

promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production of storage in liver)

64
Q

what is glucagon produced by

A

alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas

65
Q

function of glucagon

A

stimulate breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels (glucagon acts on glycogen)

66
Q

what function is lost when these things occur
- No glucose in cells
- No ATP from glucose
- No glycogen stored for harder times

A

function of insulin lost

67
Q

what happens due to diabetes mellitus

A

The ability to produce or respond to the hormone insuline is impared results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in blood

68
Q

cause of diabetes mellitus

A
  • lack of functional insulin
  • glucose levels in blood build up beyond homeostatic limits
  • increased blood glucose alters volume and osmolarity of blood, with subsequent pathological consequences
69
Q

is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent or non-dependent

A

insulin-dependent

70
Q

is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent or non-insulin-dependent

A

non-insulin-dependent

71
Q

what type of diabetes does this describe
o Body doesn’t produce insulin… Beta cells of pancreas destroyed, often this is autoimmune, genetic, environemntal factor
o Requires insulin replacement
o Affects 5-10% of diabetics, onset usually occurs in chldren/adolescents

A

type 1

72
Q

what type of diabetes does this describe
o Body produces insulin bit receptors are non functional > insulin resistance
o Can be linked to other pathologies and obesity
o Most (90%) diabetics, usually adults over age 40yrs

A

type 2

73
Q

contradictory symptoms in diabetes

A
  1. significantly increased hunger
  2. significant weight loss
74
Q

process of hyperglycemia

A

stimulus = increase blood glucose
receptor = beta cells in pancreas islets secrete insulin
effectors = all body cells
response = increased…
- rate of glucose transport into target cells
- rate of glucose use and ATP generation
- conversion of glucose > glycogen
restored = decrease blood glucose

75
Q

process of hypoglycemia

A

stimulus = decrease blood glucose
receptor = alpha cells in pancreas islets secrete glucagon
effectors = liver, skeletal muscle, adipose cells
response = increased…
- breakdown of glycogen to glucose (in liver, skeletal muscle)
restored = decrease blood glucose

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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