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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 1: Cells & Tissues | Organisation of Human Body > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cells & Tissues | Organisation of Human Body Flashcards

Organisation of Human Body

1
Q

How many systems in the human body?

A

Eleven

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2
Q

How many types of tissue?

A

Four

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3
Q

Name the six levels of organisation (smallest>largest)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organismal
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4
Q

Define Chemical level

A

Building blocks of body

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5
Q

Define Cellular level

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body

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6
Q

Define Tissue level

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a function

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7
Q

Define Organ level

A

Structures with specific functions made of two or more types of tissues

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8
Q

Define System level

A

Related organs with a common function

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9
Q

Define Organismal level

A

All parts of body function that make up an organism

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10
Q

Name the 11 body systems

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Muscular (Skeletal)
  3. Skeletal
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Lymphatic + Immune
  7. Cardiovascular
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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11
Q

what system functions to “protect” the body

A

integumentary

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12
Q

Name the Integumentary Organ Structures

A

Epidermis:
- Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Dermis
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Nails
- Sensory receptors
Hypodermis

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13
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis Cutaneous membrane?

A

Protect surface + deeper tissue
Vit D production:

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14
Q

what component of the integumentary system…
- provide nutrients to epidermis
- provide strength
- Form glands

A

dermis

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15
Q

What is the function of the hair follicles?

A

Sensation
Protection

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16
Q

True or false?
The Sebaceous Gland Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis and Removes waste

A

true

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17
Q

Function of the Sweat Gland?

A

Thermoregulation (sweat)
Breast Tissue = modified sweat gland

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18
Q

what component of the integumentary system…
1. grows in the dermis expressed in the epidermis as dead keratin layer
2. Stiffen and protect digits

A

nails

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19
Q

what sensations do sensory receptors detect?

A

Touch/pressure/temp/pain

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20
Q

Integumentary component that has fat stores and attaches skin to deeper layers

A

hypodermis

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21
Q

Name the x5 muscular system organ structures?

A

Skeletal muscles
- Axial muscles
- Appendicular muscles
Tendons and Aponeuroses

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22
Q

what body system has a primary function of movement?

A

muscular system

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23
Q

true or false?
the skeletal muscles only provide movement

A

FALSE
skeletal muscles provide
- Movement
- Heat production (shiver)
- Support skeleton
- Protect soft tissue

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24
Q

which of the axial or appendicular muscles…
“provide support and position of axial skeleton”

A

axial muscles

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25
Q

which of the axial or appendicular muscles…
- Support
- Movement
- Brace limbs

A

appendicular muscles

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26
Q

What is the function of Tendons and Aponeuroses?

A

Translate contractile forces into tasks
- Tendons attach muscle to bone
- Aponeuroses attach muscle to muscle

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27
Q

Name the x5 skeletal system organ structures

A

Bones, cartilage and joints
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Bone
Bone marrow
- red + yellow

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28
Q

the function of the skeletal system is to _____ and _____ and produce blood cells in _____.

A

the function of the skeletal system is to (support) and (protect) and produce blood cells in (bone marrow).

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29
Q

What is the function of Bones, cartilage, joints and types?

A

Protects joints, shock absorber, reduced friction

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30
Q

what are - hyaline (ribs) and - fibro- (discs) types of?

A

cartilage

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31
Q

true or false?
“cartilage is a fibrous, resilient, tight material… elastic = sit between joints”

A

true

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32
Q

What is the components of the Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
Supporting cartilages, Ligaments

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33
Q

What is the function of the Axial Skeleton?

A

o Protect spine, brain, sense organs and soft thorax tissue
o Support body weight over lower limbs

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34
Q

what component skeleton are “Limbs, Supporting bones and ligaments” part of?

A

appendicular skeleton

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35
Q

main function of the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

o Support the muscle structure
o Movement – of axial skeleton

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36
Q

what do bones store
a) fat
b) minerals
c) Ca

A

b) bones store minerals

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37
Q

is RED or YELLOW bone marrow haematopoietic?

A

RED bone marrow

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38
Q

red blood cells are produced in RED bone marrow
what type of bones are they made in?

A

flat bones = pelvis; skull; sternum; ribs

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39
Q

What is the function of the YELLOW bone marrow and where is it found?

A

Store fat cells
- cavity in long bones, gain with age, yellow > red after major bleeding

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40
Q

true or false
“red blood cells are lost with age and fat cells are gained with age”

A

true

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41
Q

change that occurs to yellow bone marrow when there is severe blood loss?

A

yellow marrow changes to haematopoietic to produce more red blood cells

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42
Q

name the x2 primary organ structures of the nervous system and their components

A

CNS > Brain; spine; optic nerve
PNS > Special senses; all other tissues outside the CNS

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43
Q

what are the functions of the x3 principles of the nervous system
1. sensory input
2. integration
3. motor output

A
  1. sensory receptors detect sensation
  2. processes input and decides what should be done about it
  3. response when nervous system activates specific part of body
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44
Q

What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Control centre of systems

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45
Q

what CNS component performs…
1. Complex integrative activities
2. Controls voluntary and involuntary

A

Brain

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46
Q

The _____ relays info to and from the _____ and performs _____ complex _____ ______.

A

The (spine) relays info to and from the (brain) and performs (less) complex (integrative) (activities).

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47
Q

The special senses input sensory info to the brain. what are some related senses?

A

sight, sound, smell, taste, equilibrium

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48
Q

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Links CNS to other systems + sense organs

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49
Q

True or false,
“the PNS takes information in only 1 direction”

A

FALSE
the PNS takes info in both directions and terms of the body

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50
Q

Name the x9 endocrine system organ structures

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads

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51
Q

what body system releases hormones to regulate bodily activity?

A

endocrine system

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52
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers
transported but the blood from the endocrine gland/tissue to target site

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53
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland?

A

Day night rhythms (melatonin)

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54
Q

True or false,
The Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland
- Control other endocrine glands
- Regulates growth
- Fluid balance

A

TRUE

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55
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid gland?

A

Metabolic rate
Ca levels

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56
Q

What is the function of the Parathyroid gland?

A

Ca levels

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57
Q

What endocrine component controls T-cell maturation/maturation of lymphocytes?

A

Thymus

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58
Q

the Adrenal gland…
1. release different _____
2. _____ and _____ balance (aldosterone)
3. _____ metabolism (cortisol)
4. cardio. and resp. function (adrenaline)

A
  1. release different (hormones)
  2. (water) and (mineral) balance = (eg: aldosterone)
  3. (tissue) metabolism = (eg: cortisol)
  4. cardio. and resp. function = (eg: adrenaline)
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59
Q

the endocrine kidneys function to…
> produce red blood cells
> Ca levels
> blood pressure _____

A

> blood pressure (up)

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60
Q

What endocrine component is responsible for glucose control?

A

pancreas

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61
Q

Function of the Gonads?

A

Sexual characteristics + reproduction

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62
Q

What is the IGF hormone?

A

Insulin-like Growth Hormone

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63
Q

Process for growth to occur (brain > liver > tissue)

A
  1. growth hormone is released from the brain
  2. the growth hormone acts on the liver
  3. the live makes other hormones that act on different tissues for growth
64
Q

True or false,
“the growth hormone in the endocrine system can lead to tallness or tumours”

65
Q

How does “Gigantism” occur?

A

Too much growth hormone (GH) from childhood

66
Q

How does “Acromegaly” occur?

A

Too much growth hormone (GH) as adult

67
Q

Do these components require anterior pituitary or posterior pituitary hormones
- adrenal cortex
- bone/muscle
- testis
- thyroid
- mammary glands
- ovary

A

anterior pituitary hormones

68
Q

Do these components require anterior pituitary or posterior pituitary hormones
- kidney tubules
- smooth muscle in uterus

A

posterior pituitary hormones

69
Q

give the anterior pituitary hormones for each of the components
- adrenal cortex
- bone/muscle
- testis/ovary
- thyroid
- mammary glands

A
  • adrenal cortex = ACTH
  • bone/muscle = GH
  • testis/ovary = FSH, LH (Gonadotropins)
  • thyroid = TSH
  • mammary glands = Proactin
70
Q

give the posterior pituitary hormones for each of the components
- kidney tubules
- uterus smooth muscle

A
  • kidney tubules = ADH
  • uterus smooth muscle = Oxytocin
71
Q

Name the x6 lymphatic system organ structures

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B and T Cells
Lymph nodes + Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus

72
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic/immune system?

A

Defence
Transport lipids, proteins, lymphoid cells

73
Q

What is the function of Lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system
Carry lipids from the gut

74
Q

what type of fluid is clear/colourless and is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues

A

lymphatic fluid

75
Q

What is the where and what is the function of B and T cells?

A

Immune responses
- in lymph nodes or lymphatic fluid

76
Q

lymphatic component that…
1. monitors composition of lymph
2. phagocytosis = defence against pathogens
3. stimulate immune responses

A

Lymph nodes… inc.Tonsils

77
Q

true or false
“lymph nodes get smaller when bacteria is detected”

A

FALSE
lymph nodes detects bacteria and reacts by making more cells = makes nodes larger = which create discomfort

78
Q

What are the x4 functions of the Spleen?

A

Monitor blood cell circulation
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Stimulates immune response

79
Q

what lymphatic component ‘controls development + maintenance of T cell lymphocytes’

A

lymphatic thymus

80
Q

What are the 2 parts of lymphatic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation

81
Q

Explain the process of lymphatic circulation

A
  1. blood out left ventricle > around body > most end up back in veins back to heart > Some fluid comes out from capillaries to provide nutrition to cells that capillaries are adjacent to… need glucose and remove waste
  2. Not all of this fluid is absorbed back into the capillaries…
  3. excess fluid absorbed by lymphatic capillaries > afferent vessels > lymph nodes > efferent vessels > valve > lymphatic vessel > lymphatic duct > subclavian vein > heart
82
Q

true or false,
“the lymphatic ducts empty lymph into junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system”

83
Q

what passes lymph to lymphatic ducts?

A

lymphatic vessels

84
Q

Function of a valve in a lymphatic vessel

A

Ensures 1-way flow of lymph

85
Q

type of lymphatic vessel that carry lymph from lymph nodes

A

efferent lymphatic vessel

86
Q

what component in lymphatic circulation is responsible for…
- filtering lymph = remove foreign substances
- phagocytosis = immune reactions

A

lymph nodes

87
Q

type of lymphatic vessel that carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to lymph node

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel

88
Q

Function of lymphatic capillaries

A

absorb interstitial fluid
pass lymph to afferent lymphatic vessels

89
Q

how blood plasma becomes interstitial fluid?

A

blood filtered from blood capillaries to adjacent cells for O2 + nutrients + waste removal
excess fluid in interstitial spaces not reabsorbed by blood capillaries = interstitial fluid
> later absorbed by lymphatic capillaries

90
Q

name for the condition when there is swelling due to build-up of lymphatic fluid

A

Lymphadema

91
Q

Name the x3 cardiovascular system organ structures

A

Heart
Blood vessels
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
Blood

92
Q

what body system “transports O2 + CO2 and regulates water and temp”?

A

cardiovascular system

93
Q

The heart _____ blood and maintains blood _____

A

The heart (propels) blood and maintains blood (pressure)

94
Q

what component of the cardiovascular system provides a channel for moving fluid around body and diffusion

A

blood vessels

95
Q

where arteries transport blood to/from?

A

From heart to capillaries

96
Q

true or false,
Capillaries allow for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

97
Q

where veins transport blood to/from?

A

Return blood from capillaries to heart

98
Q

what has these functions in the cardiovascular system?
- transports O2 + CO2
- Transport nutrients + hormones
- Waste removal (of metabolites or CO2)
- Temperature regulation
- Defence against infection… immune cells
- Acid-base balance (-HCO3)

99
Q

Name the x6 respiratory system organ structures

A

Nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

100
Q

Main function of the respiratory system?

A

Transfer O2 and CO2 between blood and air

101
Q

What is the function of Nasal cavity + Paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter warm humid air + detects smells

102
Q

the Pharynx in the respiratory system opens the back of the throat to _____ air to the _____

A

the Pharynx in the respiratory system opens the back of the throat to (conducts) air to the (larynx)

103
Q

respiratory component that “protects trachea opening and produces vocalised sound - vocal cords”

104
Q

cartilage keeps the _____ open to allow air movement

A

cartilage keeps the (trachea) open to allow air movement

105
Q

What is the function of the Bronchi?

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

106
Q

What is the function of the Lungs?

A

Air movement
Gas exchange O2 and CO2 in alveoli
Acid base control

107
Q

what is caused by fast breathing (hyperventilation) and pH of blood increases?

A

blood alkalosis

108
Q

positive or negative pressure of diaphragm to bring air into lungs?

A

negative pressure

109
Q

what is the sheet muscle that separates thorax and upper chest with abdomen to move muscle for air

110
Q

Name the x10 digestive system organ structures

A

Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine + Anus

111
Q

what body system…
- Digestion of food
- Absorb nutrients
- Eliminate solid waste

A

digestive system

112
Q

the oral cavity _____ _____ food with the _____ and _____

A

the oral cavity (breaks) (up) food with the (teeth) and (tongue)

113
Q

Salivary glands contain
buffers and lubricant to… ______
enzymes to… ______

A

Buffers and lubricant (get food into back of throat/pharynx
Enzymes (begin digestion)

114
Q

What is the function of the digestive Pharynx?

A

Solid food + liquid to oesophagus
Chamber shared with resp. system

115
Q

what component of the digestive system delivers food to the stomach?

A

oesophagus

116
Q

Digestive system Stomach function and secretion?

A

churn food
Secretes acid and enzymes
Hormones

117
Q

true or false
the small intestine functions to…
- Digestive enzymes
- Buffers and hormones
- Absorbes nutrients

118
Q

What is the function of the Liver?

A

Secretes bile
Regulates blood nutrients

119
Q

what bile assist with

A

dissolving/breaking up fatty material

120
Q

the gallbladder concentrates bile
what is the process to get bile to help break up lipid part of meal?

A
  1. gallbladder contracts
  2. bile squeezed out of organ
  3. bile goes to the intestine
  4. helps break lipid part of meal
121
Q

what is the exocrine function of the digestive Pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers/Fluid made to ensure correct pH for own enzyme function
Endocrine cells

122
Q

What is the function of the Large intestine + Anus?

A

Water removal
Waste storage + removal

123
Q

Name the x4 urinary system organ structures

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

124
Q

what body system has these functions,
- Urine production, storage, elimination
- Regulate blood volume
- Produce blood cells

A

urinary system

125
Q

What is the function of the Urinary Kidneys?

A

Form + concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
ERYTHROPOIETIN - Endocrine function
Blood volume and pressure

126
Q

what conducts urine to bladder

127
Q

what is stored in the bladder prior to elimination?

128
Q

What conducts urine to exterior

129
Q

What is the abbreviation EPO?

A

Erythropoietin

130
Q

what type of protein is Erythropoietin and where was it produced

A

Active protein
= Secreted from kidney acts on bone marrow

131
Q

Process to increase aerobic activity

A

Take erythropoietin > more red blood cells > carry more O2 > increased aerobic capacity

132
Q

what body system produces sperm/oocytes + Hormones regulate processes

A

reproductive system

133
Q

Name the x10 reproductive system (MALE) organ structures

A

Testes
Accessory organs
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Seminal glands
- Prostate gland
- Urethra
External genitalia
- penis
- scrotum

134
Q

What is the function of the Testes?

A

Produce sperm + hormones

135
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation

136
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

Sperm from epididymis

137
Q

What is the function of the seminal glands?

A

Seminal fluid

138
Q

What is the function of the reproductive MALE urethra?

A

Sperm to exterior

139
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Reproduction + thermal

140
Q

what component controls the testes

141
Q

Name the x5 reproductive system (FEMALE) organ structure

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina + external genitalia
Mammary glands

142
Q

What do the Ovaries produce?

A

Oocytes + hormones

143
Q

true or false
these are functions of the uterus
- Delivery oocyte
- fertilisation location

A

FALSE
uterine tubes produce these functions…
- Delivery oocyte
- fertilisation location

144
Q

What is the function of the Uterus?

A

Embryonic development

145
Q

the Vagina + external genitalia provide _____, a _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

the Vagina + external genitalia provide (Lubrication), a (Birth) (canal) and (Sperm) (reception)

146
Q

What is the function of the Mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for new-born

147
Q

What is the microscopic study of tissues of the body?

148
Q

What does Epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers body surfaces
lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts
forms glands

149
Q

true or false
“the epithelia tissue functions to…”
- Protection
- filtration
- secretion
- absorption
- excretion

A

epithelial tissue

150
Q

what makes up the connective tissue

A

ECM + Cells
- includes bone + blood

151
Q

what type of tissue performs these functions?
- Protect + support body and organs
- Binds organs together
- Store energy as fat
- Transport system of body

A

connective tissue

152
Q

What is Muscle tissue?

A

Contractile cells (muscle fibres)

153
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Generates physical force required for movement

154
Q

What is Nervous tissue?

A

nervous tissue

155
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Detects change in + out of body and responds by generating nerve impulses

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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