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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 5: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body

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2
Q

Where do cells arise from

A

pre-existing cells

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3
Q

cells have optimal balance between _____ and _____

A

cells have optimal balance between (SA) and (size)

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4
Q

x3 universal similarities of cells

A

i. DNA = heritable; RNA = messenger; proteins = workers
ii. Organelles for functions and arrangements within cell
iii. Energy source is ATP

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5
Q

what is the central dogma

A

DNA > RNA > PROTEIN

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6
Q

what type of cells have
- Membrane bound organelles
- Large

A

eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

what type of cells
- Lack membrane-bound nucleus
Can see DNA… just clumped in middle

A

prokaryotic cells

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8
Q

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both contain

A

plasma membrane
cytosol
DNA
RNA
protein
ribosomes

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9
Q

what is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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10
Q

what does cytosol contain

A

H2O + suspended and dissolved substances (ions, ATP, proteins)

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11
Q

the cytoplasm is…

A

everything inside the plasma membrane like organelles; NOT NUCLEUS

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12
Q

x6 major organelles in the cytoplasm

A
  1. nucleus
  2. endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. lysosomes
  5. mitochondria
  6. ribosomes
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13
Q

what system are these major organelles in
1. nucleus
2. endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
3. Golgi apparatus
4. lysosomes

A

endomembrane system

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14
Q

function of the endomembrane system

A

packaging, labelling, shipment of molecules

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15
Q

what acts as a “Physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside. (dictate size and shape)”

A

plasma membrane

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16
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A

controls the passage of substances into/out of cell
Selectively permeable physical barrier (barrier provided by fats in membrane)

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17
Q

what structure has “double layer phospholipids + embedded proteins form”

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

what phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

phospholipid polar heads (phosphate)

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19
Q

what phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

phospholipid lipid tails (fats in cells)

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20
Q

what collectively forms a phospholipid bilayer?

A

phospholipid polar head + phospholipid lipid tails

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21
Q

true or false
“Proteins on membrane change all the time and are cell specific and dynamic”

A

true
Proteins on membrane change all the time
- cell specific and dynamic

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22
Q

describe the fluid mosaic model of membranes

A

molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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23
Q

function of the plasma membrane proteins

A

initiate and maintain movement of hydrophilic substances

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24
Q

What does it mean when plasma membrane proteins…
“contain regions that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic = so they can interact with molecules”

A

amphipathic

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25
Q

how do proteins stay embedded in the plasma membrane

A

Protein sides next to tails = hydrophobic;
protein sides facing outside/inside = hydrophilic
- enables then to stay imbedded within the membrane; amphipathic

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26
Q

x2 of plasma membrane proteins

A

integral (transmembrane) proteins
peripheral membrane proteins

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27
Q

what type of membrane protein
“embedded into the membrane (protein sides are hydrophobic to stay imbedded)”

A

integral transmembrane proteins

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28
Q

function of the peripheral membrane proteins

A
  • associated with hydrophilic portion of membrane;
  • not embedded in hydrophobic portion
    (allow cell-to-cell identification and facilitate intercellular communication or transport)
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29
Q

name the x6 types of protein functions

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymic activity
  3. signal transduction
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. intercellular joining
  6. attachment to cytoskeleton + ECM
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30
Q

what does transport protein function do?

A

< Allow ions/molecules through channel in protein… ions or molecules to pass through
< Passive or active (pump) processes

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31
Q

what protein function…
- Carry out chemical reaction
- Specific active site + substrate enter to be cleaved, processed to make a different compound

A

enzymic activity

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32
Q

how membrane proteins undergo signal transduction

A

External signalling molecule causing communication of info to inside of cell
Molecule elicits a change in shape… enables cell signalling to occur

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33
Q

true or false about cell-cell recognition
- Use of glycoproteins (carbohydrates + protein) as molecular signatures of extracellular side of the cell
- Tissue typing

A

true
- Use of glycoproteins (carbohydrates + protein) as molecular signatures of extracellular side of the cell
- Tissue typing

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34
Q

what does the protein function uses cell junctions for

A

intercellular joining (cell joining with adjacent cell)
- communication
- rigidity
- stability
- anchoring

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35
Q

what membrane protein function does…
- Fibronectin (chickdrumbstick on top of protein) connection between cell surface integrins and ECM (collagen)
- Facilitate movement

A

Attachment to cytoskeleton (microfilaments) and ECM attachment

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36
Q

Membrane bound proteins are c_____ s_____ and d_____ repertoire…. constantly _____

A

Membrane bound proteins are (cell) (specific) and (dynamic) repertoire…. constantly (changing)

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37
Q

true or false
the nucleus is the smallest organelle in the cell

A

false
the nucleus is the LARGEST organelle in the cell

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38
Q

x4 functions of the nucleus

A
  1. house/protect DNA
  2. make RNA; assemble ribosomes
  3. pores regulate substance movement in/out (protein + mRNA)
  4. molecule segregation = temporal + special control of cell function
39
Q

what encloses the nucleus

A

double lipid bilayer = nuclear envelope

40
Q

x2 membranes of the nuclear membrane

A

outer membrane - continuous with the rER
inner membrane

41
Q

x3 components of the nucleus

A
  1. nucleolus
  2. nuclear pores
  3. DNA
42
Q

function of the nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production;
assembly of small/large subunit of ribosomes

43
Q

function of nuclear pores

A

control entering and exit of substances

44
Q

how is DNA present

A

chromatin/chromatin fibres

45
Q

DNA wrapped x___ around group of x8 _____ which form _____
- collectively called: _____

A

DNA wrapped (x2) around group of x8 (histones) which form (nucleosomes)
- collectively called: (chromatin)

46
Q

how does cell prepare for cell division

A

chromosome condenses = chromatin fibres
> fibres condense further into loops
» stacks as chromosomes

47
Q

what is a chromosome

A

consist of many genes

48
Q

what is a gene

A

DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function

49
Q

where are ribosomes made/assembled

A

nucleolus then leave controlled via the pores

50
Q

function of ribosomes

A

Translation of RNA into proteins

51
Q

location of where ribosomes can be found x2

A
  1. Free in cytoplasm = make proteins for use IN cytosol (non-endomembrane destinations)
  2. Attached to RER = make non-cytosolic proteins/endomembrane
52
Q

true or false
Location of ribosomes dictates what proteins they make

A

true
Location dictates what proteins they make

53
Q

structure of ER in general terms

A

Network of tubes and tubules, stretch out from nuclear membrane

54
Q

x2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

rough ER
smooth ER

55
Q

structure of the roughER

A

extension of nucleus/nuclear envelope

56
Q

x3 things the rER produces

A
  1. secreted proteins
  2. produce membrane proteins
  3. produce organelle proteins
57
Q

are ribosomes attached to the rER or sER

A

rough ER

58
Q

location where ribosomes begin translating protein + their name

A

cytosol
> cytosolic ribosomes

59
Q

if detected the protein will… secrete proteins, produce membrane proteins, produce organelle proteins and taken to…

A

ER dock to continue making polypeptide chain until chain ends up inside of the RER
- RER ribosomes

60
Q

protein prep before transportation to golgi

A

Proteins enter lumen with rough ER for folding
> RER membrane surrounds protein
» form transport vesicles for golgi

61
Q

structure of the smooth ER

A

extension off rER
lack ribosomes… DO NOT make proteins

62
Q

function of the smooth ER

A
  1. housing unit for proteins + enzymes
  2. synthesises lipids (steroids and phospholipids)
  3. storage of cell/tissue-specific proteins
63
Q

what organelle is considered the “warehouse”

A

golgi

64
Q

function of the golgi

A
  1. protein modification, packaging, transport from rER received from using enzymes in each cisternae
    - addition of carbohydrates/glycoproteins
65
Q

process that occurs in the golgi

A

Leave RER and vesicles > golgi > modified > leave in vesicle

66
Q

golgi form x3 types of vesicles + their function

A

i. secretory vesicles (proteins for exocytosis)
ii. membrane vesicles (PM molecules)
iii. transport vesicles (molecules to lysosome)

67
Q

true or false…
“the golgi has an end-membrane system - shared membranes”

A

true

68
Q

processes that occur in the golgi

A

Modicication occur within sac (form glycoproteins, glycolipids, lipoproteins)
> travel to destination
» mature at the exit cisternae
»> proteins move cis to trans from sac to sac
»» each sac or cisternae contains enzymes of different functions

69
Q

lysosome contain _____ _____ enzymes that are highly _____

A

lysosome contain (powerful) (digestive) enzymes that are highly (acidic)

70
Q

why are lysosomes bound in a ‘bag’

A

to keep partitioned from the rest due to its highly acidic nature

71
Q

function of the lysosomes x3
- for the digestion of…

A

i. substances that enter the cell (pathogens)
ii. cell components (eg. Organelles) autophagy
iii. entire cells autolysis

72
Q

can building blocks like amino acids and lipids be recycled once digested

A

true

73
Q

what are these key components part of…
< types of vesicles formed by golgi membrane
< membrane proteins to pump H+ in to maintain acidic pH
< rest of cells protected by membrane; kept partitioned from rest

A

lysosomes

74
Q

what happens when a cell needs more energy

A

more ATP is made
> greater number of mitochondira

75
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

making ATP via cellular respiration

76
Q

x3 components + function of the mitochondria

A

< outer mitochondrial membrane
< inner mitochondrial membrane; contains folds
< mitochondrial matrix = fluid filled interior cavity

77
Q

true or false
“the transfer of phosphate to another molecule generates energy”

A

true

78
Q

what organelle of the cell has these functions
- scaffold for cell
- Intracellular transportation + cell movement
- Consist of fibres/filaments that help maintain shape, size, and integrity of cell

A

cytoskeleton

79
Q

order the cytoskeleton components from smallest to largest

A

microfilaments > intermediate filaments > microtubules

80
Q

what gives microfilli shape/movement of cells

A

microfilments

81
Q

x2 functions of the microfilaments

A

 bear tension + weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins
 Promote amoeboid motility if required (macrophage)

82
Q

where are the microfilaments located?

A

around the periphery and lining of interior of cell

83
Q

what protein makes up microfilaments

A

actin

84
Q

how is actin assembled in microfilaments

A

actin molecules assembled in 2 long chains twisted around each other

85
Q

true or false
microfilaments are “Dynamic = assembled and disassembled as required”

A

true

86
Q

x2 functions of the intermediate filaments

A
  • Bear tension + weight throughout cell (ie Anchoring)
  • Scaffold for cellular organelles (ie Nucleus)
87
Q

what component of the cytoskeleton is “distributed amongst the cytoplasm”

A

intermediate filaments

88
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of

A

range of different materials – keratin

89
Q

true or false
intermediate filaments are “most permanent and less dynamic”

A

true

90
Q

x4 functions of the microtubules

A
  • support cell shape + size
  • Guide for organelle movement (vesicles golgi> membrane)… motor proteins walking
  • Chromosome organisation (cell division)
  • Support + movement of cillia/flagella
91
Q

location of microtubules

A

extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleus

92
Q

what component of the cytoskeleton contains “tubulin dimers (alpha and beta) = coiled to form a tube”

A

microtubules

93
Q

true or false
microtubules are “Dynamic = assembled and disassembled as required”

A

true

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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