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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 2: Epithelium Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Epithelium Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what major tissue
- covers body surface
- lines hollow internal organs, cavities, ducts
- forms glands of body

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

x3 categories of function of the epithelium tissue?

A

Selective barriers = limit/aid transfer
secretory = onto a free surface
protective = from abrasion, external entry from exterior

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3
Q

x2 structural features of epithelium cells
(arrangement and held together)

A
  1. Arranged in continuous sheets: single or multi layered
  2. Held together by cell junctions: adherens, tight, gap, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
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4
Q

What are the different surfaces of epithelial cells

A

Apical surface > environment exposure side
lateral surface
basal surface > internal exposure side

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5
Q

types of junctions in the lateral surface…

A

Tight junctions
Adherens junction
Gap junctions
Desmosomes

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6
Q

What junction is in the basal junction?

A

Hemidesomosomes

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7
Q

purpose of the cytoskeleton

A

provide cell skeleton to maintain structure + shape

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8
Q

x2 cytoskeleton components

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
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9
Q

x2 functions of the microfilaments

A
  • link cells together
  • generate force in cellular contraction and basic cell movements
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10
Q

Protein that makes up microfilaments?

A

Actin

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11
Q

Protein that makes up intermediate filaments?

A

many different proteins; Keratin

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12
Q

x3 functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • cell cohesion and prevent acute fracture of cell sheet under tension
  • structure
  • path for material to move through cytoplasm (train track system)
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13
Q

are the intermediate filaments thicker/less flexible or thinner/flexible than microfilaments?

A

intermediate filaments thicker and less flexible

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14
Q

tight junctions are electrically tight… what does this mean?

A

ions can’t get down in between cells
- can keep x2 separate environments

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15
Q

what proteins in tight junctions “traverse membranes to weld + hold adjacent cells together”

A

Claudins
Occludins

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16
Q

function of the Claudia and Occluding proteins

A
  • join cytoskeleton to actin
  • maintain polarity of cell by preventing migration of proteins between apical and basal surfaces
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17
Q

Where are tight junctions found?

A

stomach
intestines
bladder

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18
Q

what type of junction contains “web-like transmembrane that fuse together surfaces of adjacent cells”

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

x2 main functions of tight junctions?

A
  • inhibit passage of substance between cells
  • prevent leakages
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20
Q

true or false
the adherens junctions are more apical located than tight junctions

A

FALSE
adherens junctions are more basal located

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21
Q

Why adherens junctions have a plaque layer of proteins inside cell

A

join actin (microfilaments) to cadherins (cytoskeleton)

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22
Q

glycoprotein that spans gap between adjacent cells in adherens junctions

A

cadherins

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23
Q

what is a type of cytoplasmic contractile protein

A

actin

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24
Q

What links cadherins to actin?
(cell cytoplasm to microfilaments)

A

Catenins

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25
Q

main function of the adherens junctions

A
  1. prevent cell separation from tension forces (contractions)
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26
Q

what is an adhesion belt

A

plaque layer on the inner cell membrane containing proteins

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27
Q

what this describes… “a collection or bump in the wall where proteins are aggregated together”

A

plaque

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28
Q

what type of junction carries out these functions
1. structural integrity to cells
2. cytoskeleton proteins of each cell welded to each other through plaques
3. RESIST SHEARING FORCES (cardiac)

A

Desmosomes

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29
Q

Function of the desmosome plaque?

A

attaches to keratin, intermediate filament of cytoskeleton for stability

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30
Q

Function of cadherin in desmosomes

A

Spans gap to bind to desmoplakin (protein) which then binds to keratin

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31
Q

true or false
the keratin is the linker and cadherin anchoring

A

FALSE
keratin anchoring and cadherin linker

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32
Q

appearance of the plaque on desmosomes

A

‘button’ shape

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33
Q

x2 main functions of gap junctions

A
  1. ion/molecule exchange in the connexON channels (cytosol of 1 cell to adjacent)
  2. rapid spread of nerve/muscle impulses along cell
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34
Q

what type of cell junction is used when things need coordinated movement (ie heart for contraction phase)

A

gap junctions

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35
Q

do gap junctions provide direct or indirect connection between cells

A

direct connection

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36
Q

process of how gap junctions are formed?

A

x6 connexIN form x1 connexON
> x2 connexON form x1 gap junction

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37
Q

how communication is carried out in gap junctions

A

junction formed
> change in their conformation so protein shape changes
» shape change opens tunnel
»> tunnel allows for messages to be transferred from x1 cell to another (messages = ions/RNA/atp)

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38
Q

Linker protein in hemidesomosomes?

A

integrin

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39
Q

What does Integrin protein bind to in hemidesmosomes?

A
  • laminin in basement membrane
  • intermediate filament keratin in cytoplasm
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40
Q

why keratin filaments are used on the side

A

tie down cytoskeleton onto BM so cells don’t slide

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41
Q

Function of hemidesmosomes?

A

connect epithelial cells/tissue to basement membrane

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42
Q

What types of junctions are in a junctional complex

A

combination of tight, adherens, and desmosomes
- close together with similar function

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43
Q

Where is the basement membrane found?

A

between epithelial and connective tissue

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44
Q

purpose of basement membrane

A
  • protein structure = what cells sit on
  • barrier between epithelium and CT underneath
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45
Q

x2 components of the basement membrane

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina
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46
Q

Where is basal lamina secreted from?

A

epithelial cells

47
Q

What does the basal lamina contain?

A
  • collagen
  • laminin
  • glycoproteins
  • proteoglycans
48
Q

What is reticular lamina produced by?

A

fibroblast cells of connective tissue

49
Q

What reticular lamina contains?

A

fibrous proteins
fibronectin
collagen

50
Q

Why is epithelia avascular?

A

contains nerves but NO blood vessels

51
Q

How are nutrients and wastes exchanged?

A

diffusion from vessels in connective tissue

52
Q

Function of the basement membrane?

A
  • support epithelium
  • healing
  • physical barrier
  • filtration of kidney substances
53
Q

how healing occurs on basement membrane

A

epithelial cell migrate along surface of injury
> cells secreting proteins to reconstitute BM
» growing BM for cell division to refill gap
»>forming platelet/fibrin clot

54
Q

how malignant melanoma occurs
- malignancy of the melanocytes

A

barrier penetrated
= increased change of metastasis (spread)

55
Q

x2 types of epithelial tissue + functions

A
  1. covering and lining epithelia = cover exposed surfaces + internal cavities (contain secretory cells)
  2. glandular epithelia = secretory portion of glands
56
Q

Function of inner and outer covering and lining epithelia?

A
  • outer covering > skin/internal organs
  • inner lining > vessels/ducts/body cavities/system interiors
57
Q

Function of exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelia

A
  • exocrine > secrete onto surfaces + in passages/ducts
  • endocrine > hormones or precursors into interstitial fluid
58
Q

factors to classify covering and lining epithelia

A
  1. arrangement of cells in layers
  2. shapes of cells
59
Q

Types of arrangement classification + function

A
  1. simple = single layer (secretion; absorption; filtration)
  2. stratified = 2 or more layers (protective)
  3. pseudo stratified = appears to have multiple layers as judged by positions of nuclei (secretion)
60
Q

Types of shapes classification?

A
  1. squamous = flat/thin (diffusion)
  2. cuboidal = tall as are wide (secretion/absorption)
  3. columnar = more tall than wide (secretion/absorption)
  4. transitional = cells can change shape from cuboidal > flat
61
Q

Types of simple covering and lining epithelia

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar (ciliated/non-ciliated)
62
Q

Types of stratified covering and lining epithelia

A
  • stratified squamous (keratinised/non-keratinised)
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar
  • transitional
63
Q

Types of pseudostratified covering and lining epithelia

A
  • pseudo stratified columnar (ciliated/non-ciliated)
64
Q

simple squamous features

A
  • delicate
  • filtration (kidney); diffusion (lung); secretion (for slippery surface)
65
Q

simple squamous appearance

A
  • thin flat irregular
  • like paving stones/”fried eggs”
66
Q

simple squamous specialised subtypes

A
  • Mesothelium = lines cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal)
  • Endothelium = lines heart interior, blood + lymphatic vessels
67
Q

simple squamous location examples

A
  • Bowman’s capsule kidney
  • cardio. and lymph. system linings
  • inside eye
  • lung alveoli
  • visceral cavity linings
  • inside blood vessels + heart
68
Q

simple cuboidal features

A

secretion and absorption

69
Q

simple cuboidal appearance

A

cuboidal/hexagonal boxes

70
Q

simple cuboidal location examples

A
  • pancreas ducts
  • part kidney tubules
  • smaller ducts of glands
  • secretory chambers of thyroid
  • anterior surface of lens
  • pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina
  • secretory part of gland
71
Q

types of columnar epithelium membrane modifications

A
  1. cilia
  2. microvilli
72
Q

simple columnar features

A

more cytoplasm = more organelles

73
Q

simple columnar subtypes

A
  1. non-ciliated or ciliated
  2. microvilli
74
Q

simple columnar appearance

A
  • rectangular/hexagonal but taller, slender than cuboidal
  • elongated nuclei near base of cell
75
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar features

A
  • single layer
  • microvilli on apical surface
  • goblet cells (modified columnar cell) interspersed
76
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar function

A
  • secretion + lubrication (mucus goblet cells)
  • absorption
77
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar location examples

A
  • lines gut mucosa from stomach > anus
  • ducts of glands
  • gallbladder
78
Q

ciliated simple columnar features

A
  • single layer
  • goblet cells
79
Q

ciliated simple columnar function

A

synchronous movement assists mobility of mucus + foreign objects or oocytes

80
Q

ciliated simple columnar location examples

A
  • bronchioles
  • uterine fallopian tubes
  • sinuses
  • central canal of spinal cord
  • brain ventricles
81
Q

stratified squamous features

A
  • protect against microbes
  • present in high mechanical/chemical stress areas
82
Q

stratified squamous appearance

A
  • layers like pancakes in upper layers
  • lower layers cuboidal/columnar
  • cells further from nutrition = thin less active
83
Q

stratified squamous specialised subtypes

A
  1. keratinised (skin)
  2. non-keratinised (mouth/throat/tongue/oesophagus/ anus/vagina)
84
Q

non-keratinised stratified squamous function

A
  • abrasion protection
  • microbe defence
  • secretions from glands
85
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar features

A
  • cells contact basement membrane but won’t reach apical surface
86
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar appearance

A
  • nuclei all different levels
  • appears to have several layers NOT the case
87
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar subtypes

A
  1. ciliated (upper airways)
  2. non-ciliated (gland ducts, epididymis)
88
Q

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar appearance

A
  • cilia on some cells
  • secrete mucus from goblet cells
89
Q

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar function

A

secrete mucus and move it

90
Q

pseudo-stratified non-ciliated columnar appearance

A
  • no cilia
  • lack goblet cells
91
Q

pseudo-stratified non-ciliated columnar function

A

absorption + protection

92
Q

stratified cuboidal features

A
  • 2 or more layers of cells
  • cells in apical layer
93
Q

stratified cuboidal function

A
  • protection
  • limited secretion + absorption
94
Q

stratified cuboidal location examples

A
  • adult sweat gland ducts
  • esophageal glands, part of male urethra
95
Q

stratified columnar features

A
  • short irregular cell shape
  • apical layer
96
Q

stratified columnar function

A

protection + secretion

97
Q

stratified columnar location examples

A
  • part of urethra
  • large gland ducts (oesophageal glands)
  • anal mucosal membrane (conjunctiva of eye)
98
Q

stratified transitional features

A
  • relaxed/unstretched state
  • multiple layers of elasticity
99
Q

stratified transitional function

A
  • stretching of organs
  • maintain protective lining will holding fluid without rupture
100
Q

stratified transitional location examples

A

Bladder!
- ureter + urethra

101
Q

Glandular epithelia function

A

secretion

102
Q

What secretes substances into ducts, on surfaces, or in blood?

A

glands
- single/group of cells

103
Q

Endocrine gland function

A

hormones regulate metabolic/physiological activity for homeostasis

104
Q

Endocrine gland features

A

secrete directly into blood via traversing interstitial fluid

105
Q

Endocrine gland location examples

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid

106
Q

Exocrine gland function

A

produce substances to lower body temp

107
Q

Exocrine gland features

A

secrete into ducts that empty on surface of covering/lining epithelium

108
Q

Exocrine gland location example

A

sweat + salivary glands
oil glands
wax glands
pancreas

109
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

secretory cells in epithelia
- secrete mucin

110
Q

characteristics used to describe multicellular gland structure

A
  1. Duct structure
  2. Secretory area structure
  3. Relationship between the two
111
Q

Name the simple multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. simple tubular
  2. simple branched tubular
  3. simple coiled tubular
  4. simple acinar
  5. simple branched acinar
112
Q

name the compound multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. compound tubular
  2. compound acinar
  3. compound tubuloacinar
113
Q

purpose of basement membrane

A
  • protein structure = what cells sit on
  • barrier between epithelium and CT underneath

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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