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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 3: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What the connective tissue does?

A
  1. binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues
  2. transport system of body (blood is a CT)
  3. stored energy reserves (fat/adipose tissue is a CT)
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2
Q

Differences between Epithelium and CT

A

CT not on body surface
CT highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons)

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3
Q

Similarity between epithelium and CT

A

CT supplied by nerves (except cartilage)

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4
Q

What CT is composed of

A
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Cells
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5
Q

CT equation

A

CT = ECM + Cells

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6
Q

ECM components

A
  1. ground substance (GS)
  2. Protein fibres
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7
Q

ECM equation

A

ECM = GS + Fibres

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8
Q

What is secreted in cells of ECM

A

protein fibres

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9
Q

what dictates the qualities of connective tissue?

A

structure of ECM

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10
Q

Components of the GS

A
  • water
  • proteins
  • polysaccharides (sugars)
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11
Q

GS equation

A

GS = H2O + Proteins + polysaccharides

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12
Q

Function of the GS

A

support + bind cells together
store H2O
medium for exchange of substances between blood + cells

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13
Q

Type of polysaccharides (sugars) in GS?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGS or mucopolysaccharides)

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14
Q

What is formed when GAGS join with core proteins?

A

proteoglycans

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15
Q

features of GAGS

A
  • long unbranched polysaccharides
  • repeating disaccharide unit
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16
Q

what are these examples of
- amino sugar (eg. N acetylglucosamine)
- uronic sugar (eg. glucuronic acid)
- highly polar and attract H2O

A

disaccharide units that are repeated to form GAGS

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17
Q

sulphated GAG examples

A
  • derma tan sulphate
  • heparin sulphate
  • keratan sulphate
  • chondroitin sulphate
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18
Q

what bind to proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs)

A

sulphated GAGS (glycosaminoglycans)

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19
Q

non-sulphated GAG examples

A
  • hyaluronic acid
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20
Q

_____ acid is not directly bound to protein backbone but joined to various _____

A

(hyaluronic) acid is not directly bound to protein backbone but joined to various (proteoglycans)

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21
Q

are glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid sulphated or covalently bound to a core protein

A

NO, glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid IS NOT sulphated nor covalently bound to a core protein

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22
Q

What makes the GS more jelly-like

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) trapping H2O

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23
Q

Function of the hyaluronic acid

A
  • slippery substance binds cells
  • lubricates joints
  • maintains shape of eyeball
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24
Q

enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid causing hyaluronic acid in GS to become more liquid

A

hyaluronidase

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25
Q

what accounts for rapid spread of bacteria in CT

A

more liquid GS… makes it easier to move around in substance

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26
Q

what produces hyaluronidase?

A
  • white blood cells
  • sperm
  • bacteria
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27
Q

function of chondroitin sulphate and what function acts in

A

support + adhesive features
- in cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

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28
Q

where is keratin sulphate found

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • cornea of eye
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29
Q

where is Dermatan Sulphate found?

A
  • skin
  • tendons
  • blood vessels
  • heart valves
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30
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

Abnormal Periorbital ECM deposition and thyroid disease

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31
Q

exophthalmos symptoms

A
  • Goitre (swollen thyroid gland)
  • autoimmune over-activation of thyroid
  • autoimmune action on fibroblasts in ECM of eye
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32
Q

Name the 3 type of CT protein fibres in ECM

A
  1. Collagen fibres
  2. Reticular fibres
  3. Elastic fibres
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33
Q

Function of thick collagen fibres

A

strong + flexible resist pull forces
- parallel bundles

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34
Q

Locations of collagen

A

bone, cartilages, tendons, ligaments

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35
Q

what reticular fibres are composed of

A

collagen with glycoprotein coating

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36
Q

what are reticular fibres made by

A

fibroblasts

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37
Q

function of reticular fibres

A
  • strength + support
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38
Q

What CT fibre forms…
- part of basement membrane
- networks in vessels in tissues (adipose, nerve, smooth muscle)

A

reticular fibres

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39
Q

Fibre found in skin, blood vessels, lung

A

Elastic fibres

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40
Q

what are elastic fibres made of?

A

protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin

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41
Q

function of elastic fibres

A
  • fibrous network
  • strength + stability
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42
Q

what is Marfan syndrome

A

hereditary defect in elastic fibres

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43
Q

what glycoprotein contributes to structural scaffold for elastin

A

fibrillin

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44
Q

Symptoms of Marfan syndrome

A
  • tall
  • long limbed
  • chest deformity
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45
Q

mutation in gene ___ codes for fibrillin results in Marfan syndrome

A

chromosome 15

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46
Q

consequences of Marfan syndrome

A
  • weakened heart valves
  • weakened arterial walls
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47
Q

x2 Cell types in the CT

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. adipocytes (fat cells)
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48
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

secrete components of matrix
- fibres and GS

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49
Q

location of fibroblasts

A

connective tissues; migratory

50
Q

function of adipocytes

A

store fat (triglycerides)

51
Q

location of adipocytes

A

under skin + around organs

52
Q

Cells found in solid CT

A
  • macrophages (histiocytes)
  • plasma cells
  • mast cells
  • leucocytes
53
Q

function of fixed macrophages

A
  • lung = “Dust cells”
  • liver = kupffer cells
  • skin = langerhand’s cells
54
Q

Function of wandering macrophages

A

look for sites of infection/injury/ inflammation

55
Q

function of plasma cells

A
  • From B-lymphocyte
  • produce antibodies
56
Q

function of mast cells

A
  • produce histamine that dilates vessels
57
Q

location of leucocytes

A

white blood cells
- migrate out of blood to respond to infection

58
Q

classification of CT

A
  1. embryonic
  2. mature
59
Q

x2 types of embryonic CT

A
  1. mesenchyme (embryonic)
  2. mucous
60
Q

mesenchyme embryonic CT structure/function/location

A
  • gives rise to all other CT
  • consists of mesenchymal cells
  • located in semi-fluid GS containing reticular fibres
61
Q

mucous embryonic CT function/location/structure

A
  • scattered fibroblasts embedded in GS
  • supports umbilical cord of foetus
62
Q

x3 classes of mature CT

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissues
  3. supporting connective tissues
63
Q

loose mature CT sub-types

A

areolar
adipose

64
Q

fibres present in loose areolar CT

A
  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
65
Q

location loose areolar CT

A

almost every structure
- packing material

66
Q

function of loose areolar CT

A
  • strength + elasticity + support
67
Q

function of loose adipose CT

A

insulation
energy source
temp control

68
Q

structure of loose adipose CT

A
  • adipocytes dominant
  • central triglyceride droplet
69
Q

location of loose adipose CT

A

with areolar CT (fibroblasts)

70
Q

x2 types of loose adipose CT

A
  • white adipose (energy storage)
  • brown adipose (heat production)
71
Q

structure of reticular CT

A

interlacing network or reticular fibres + reticular cells

72
Q

location of reticular CT

A
  • stroma of liver
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • red bone marrow
  • reticular lamina (basement membrane)
  • around blood vessels + muscles
73
Q

function of reticular CT

A
  • form storma of organs
  • binds smooth muscle tissue cells
  • filter/remove worn-out blood cells
74
Q

location of dense regular CT

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • aponeuroses
75
Q

function of dense regular CT

A
  • strong attachment
  • withstand pull forces
  • slow healing to damaged tendons
76
Q

structure of dense regular CT

A

collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts

77
Q

structure of dense irregular CT

A

collagen fibres irregularly arranged; few fibroblasts

78
Q

function of dense irregular CT

A
  • Tensile strength
79
Q

function of dense elastic CT

A
  • stretching of organs
  • recoil back to original shape
80
Q

structure of dense elastic CT

A

elastic fibres with fibroblasts between

81
Q

location of dense elastic CT

A
  • lung tissue
  • walls of elastic arteries
  • trachea
  • bronchial tubes
  • vocal cords
82
Q

function of hyaline cartilage CT

A

flexibility + movement

83
Q

location of hyaline cartilage CT

A
  • nasal septum
  • ends of long bones
84
Q

structure of hyaline cartilage CT

A

Dense network of collagen + elastic fibres
- resilient gel = fibres present not obvious

85
Q

structure of fibrocartilage CT

A

thick bundles of collagen fibres
- chondrocytes among

86
Q

location of fibrocartilage CT

A
  • portion of tendons
  • menisci of knee
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis
87
Q

function of fibrocartilage CT

A

support + joining of structures
strength + rigidity

88
Q

structure of elastic cartilage CT

A

chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres in ECM

89
Q

location of elastic cartilage CT

A
  • larynx
  • external ear
  • auditory tubes
90
Q

function of elastic cartilage CT

A

strength + elasticity
maintain shape of certain structures

91
Q

x2 types of bone tissue

A
  1. compact bone
  2. spongy bone
92
Q

what bone tissue is the outer layer and forms shaft of long bones

A

compact bone

93
Q

another name for compact bone

A

cortical bone

94
Q

what is compact bone composed of?

A
  • rod-shape units
    (osteons or Haversian systems)
95
Q

another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

96
Q

porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone

A

spongy bone

97
Q

function of compact bone

A
  • contains osteons
  • stores Ca and P
  • protection + support
98
Q

function of spongy bone

A
  • lacks osteons
  • store triglycerides (yellow marrow)
  • produce blood cells (red marrow)
99
Q

x4 cell types found in bone

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
100
Q

function of osteogenic cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells develop
> lay down collagen > become trapped = become osteoblasts

101
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells
> lay down more collagen > mineralisation process begins

102
Q

function of Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped in ECM
> maintain bone tissue > exchange nutrients/wastes
GAP JUNCTIONS

103
Q

function of osteoclasts

A
  • large, multinucleate cells
  • formed from fusion of blood monocytes
  • break down bone
104
Q

composition of osteon x4 parts

A
  1. lamellae
  2. lacunae
  3. canaliculi
  4. central (Haversian) canal
105
Q

lamelle structure

A

concentric rings of mineral salts = hardness

106
Q

lacunae structure

A

small spaces between lamellae contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

107
Q

canaliculi structure

A

“minute canals”
radiate from lacunae + provide routes for O2, nutrients and waste

108
Q

central canal (Haversian) structure

A

blood, lymph, nerves

109
Q

osteoclasts function

A

reabsorb dead bone

110
Q

chondroblasts function

A

lay down byline cartilage cllus

111
Q

osteoblasts function

A

lay down new bone

112
Q

osteoclasts function

A

remodel new bone

113
Q

structure of liquid blood CT

A

consists of blood plasma + formed elements

114
Q

in blood ___ transport O2 and CO2

A

erythrocytes

115
Q

formed elements of blood

A
  • red blood cell (erythrocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
  • monocyte > macrophage
  • T lymphocyte (T cell)
  • B lymphocyte (B cell) > Plasma cell
116
Q

formed element for clotting

A

platelets
- megakaryocytes in red marrow

117
Q

formed element involved in immune response

A

lymphocytes

118
Q

formed element effective against certain parasitic worms and in acute allergic response

A

eosinophils

119
Q

formed elements that release substances that intensify inflammatory reaction

A

basophils (mobile)
mast cells (immature circulate; mature fixed in tissues)

120
Q

formed elements phagocytic = engulf bacteria

A

neutrophils
monocytes (macrophages)

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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