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Lecture | BioSci 107 > Lecture 4: Muscular/Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Muscular/Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what cells “use energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force?”

A

muscle cells/myocytes/fibres

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2
Q

what contraction of muscle tissue produces

A
  • body movement
  • posture
  • heat
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3
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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4
Q

Is skeletal muscle controlled voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

voluntarily

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5
Q

what type of muscle tissue has the function for “movement; posture; heat; protection)

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones by tendons

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7
Q

x3 structural aspects of skeletal muscle

A
  1. appear striated
  2. cylindrical fibres
  3. multinucleate
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8
Q

smallest skeletal muscle

A

stapedius muscle

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9
Q

true or false,
“the strapedius provides
 Stability of smallest human bone (stapes) in ear
 Modify intensity of sound that’s transmitted through to our hearing
 Prevent hyperacusis; tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy”

A

true

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10
Q

largest skeletal muscle

A

sartorius

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11
Q

true or false
“the sartorius acts as the hip and knee flexor”

A

false
“the sartorius functions as a…
 Hip: flexor, lateral rotator, abductor
 Knee: flexor”

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12
Q

what causes the striations in the myocytes/muscle cells?

A

highly organised arrangement of myofibrils in cells

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13
Q

what component of a myocyte are
“striped tubular structures extending length of the cell”

A

myofibrils

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14
Q

inside the myofibrils what component makes the striation lines?

A

myofilaments

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15
Q

the myofibrils are composed of x2 types of myofilaments, thick and thin
what are each thick and thin filament made of?

A

thin filament = actin
thick filament = myosin

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16
Q

the grouped/segmented arrangement of _____ are called _____. These DO NOT extend length of muscle cell

A

the grouped/segmented arrangement of (myofilaments) are called (sarcomeres). there DO NOT extend length of the muscle cell

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17
Q

true or false
“the filaments overlap to produce striations in myofibril”

A

true

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18
Q

describe function of each…
A band; I band ; H zone; M line; Z disc; titin

A

A band = Distance between 2 ends of thick filaments
I band = spans end of thick filament > Z line > next sarcomere
H zone = middle; no overlap of thick/thin filaments
M line = middle of sarcomere to hold thick filaments together
Z disc = pass through centre of I band
Titin = provide resting tension in I band, molecular spring

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19
Q

what component is a contractile and functional unit of a myofibril?

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

true or false
“Z discs separate sarcomeres”

A

true

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21
Q

name the x5 CT components of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest

A
  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
  4. sarcolemma
  5. sarcoplasm
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22
Q

function of the epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle
- allow for separate function

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23
Q

function of the perimysium

A

surrounds the fascicles

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24
Q

function of the endomysium

A

surrounds muscle cells

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25
Q

function of the sarcolemma

A

cell plasma membane

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26
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytoplasm

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27
Q

true or false
“the heart needs to contract in uniform/controlled way and generate force”

A

true

28
Q

is the cardiac muscle control involuntary or voluntary?

A

involuntary

29
Q

x3 structural features of the cardiac muscle

A
  1. striated + branched
  2. single central nucleus
  3. fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs
30
Q

what x2 components do intercalated discs contain

A
  1. desmosomes
  2. gap junctions
31
Q

function of desmosomes in intercalated discs

A

Adhesion junctions anchor cell membranes to intermediate filament in contraction

32
Q

true or false
“gap junctions in intercalated discs form communication between cells via electrical impulses to co-ordinate and perform rapid conduction”

A

true

33
Q

what are “specialised muscle cells that conduct electrical activity around the heart”

A

purkinje fibres

34
Q

do smooth muscle contain striations?

A

NO

35
Q

locations where…
1. smooth muscle has gap junctions
2. smooth muscle NO gap junctions

A
  1. gut
  2. iris
36
Q

x5 possible locations where smooth muscle is found

A
  • Intestines = peristalsis
  • Blood vessel walls = constriction
  • Iris of eye
  • Reproductive; urinary; digestive; respiratory systems
  • Skin erector pili
37
Q

what type of muscle are these structural components from?
i. Short, small, spindle shape… thickest in middle
ii. No striations
iii. Single, central nucleus

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

what happens to cell during contraction of smooth muscle

A

shrinks + twists

39
Q

x2 subdivisions + components of the nervous system

A
  1. CNS: spine, brain, optic nerve
  2. PNS: all nervous tissue outside of the CNS
40
Q

x2 subdivisions + function of the PNS

A
  1. sensory/afferent division: info to CNS
  2. motor/efferent division: info from CNS to organs (muscles + glands)
41
Q

the nervous system helps to…
- maintain _____
- initiate _____ movement
- high functions _____, _____, _____

A

the nervous system helps to…
- maintain (homeostasis)
- initiate (voluntary) movement
- high functions (perception), (behaviour), (memory)

42
Q

what are the x3 major functions activities of the nervous system activities are grouped in

A
  1. sensory
  2. integrative
  3. motor
43
Q

what major function of sensory; integrative; motor carry out…
“info collection; detection of internal/external stimuli and transfer to CNS”

A

sensory

44
Q

what is function of integrative function

A

Take info and use it for something; analysis and storing of info

45
Q

what is the function of integrative function

A

Take info and use it for something; analysis and storing of info

46
Q

what is the function of motor functions

A

Action; stimulation of effectors (muscle and glands) through PNS

47
Q

x2 types of nerve cells

A
  • neurons
  • neuroglia
48
Q

true or false,
neurons are large nerve cells that function to “conscious and unconscious control”

A

true

49
Q

what type of nerve cell
“supportive cells - small
(collective term for lots of different types of cells)”

A

neuroglia

50
Q

X3 structure features of neurons

A
  • short cell body
  • branched dendrites for nerve impulses (action potentials)
  • single axon for conducting nerve impulses to another neuron/tissue
51
Q

x2 Neuron structural components + function

A
  1. Dendrites = receive/input part of neuron
  2. Axon = carry nerve impulse away from neuron
52
Q

true or false
neurons divide and have a low metabolic rate

A

FALSE
Neurons
- DO NOT divide
- High metabolic rate (glucose)

53
Q

structure and function of MULTIPOLAR neurons

A

I. Have 2 or more dendrites + single axon
II. Most common neurons in CNS
III. All motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in this class
IV. Some of longest (spinal cord > toe muscles)

54
Q

structure and function of BIPOLAR neurons

A

I. X2 processes (1 dendritic process + 1 axon)
II. Cell body between axon and dendrite
III. Rare + small
IV. Special sense organs relay info from receptor > neurons

55
Q

structure and function of UNIPOLAR neurons

A

I. Dendrites and axon continuous
II. Cell body off to one side
Can go from dendrites > axon
III. Whole thing from where dendrites converge called axon
IV. Most sensory nerves are unipolar
V. Very long; like motor nerves: CNS > toe top

56
Q

structure and function of ANAXONIC neurons

A

I. Rare + function poorly understood
II. Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons
III. Found in brain + special sense organs

57
Q

are these features part of neurons or neuroglia?
- Found in CNS and PNS
- Smaller than neurons/more numerous
- Do NOT propagate action potentials… chemical communicate
- Can DIVIDE within mature nervous system
(Damage to brain; neuroglia will line area of damage)

A

neuroglia

58
Q

x5 functions of the neuroglia

A
  1. Physical structure of nervous tissue; substance of nervous system
  2. Repair framework of nervous tissue
  3. Phagocytosis; gobble up debris and bacteria
  4. Maintain nutrient supply to/around neurons
  5. Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
59
Q

CNS neuroglia classifications (x4)

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
60
Q

Structures and functions of astrocytes

A

a) Star shaped; largest; most numerous of neuroglia Syncytium network
b) Support (contain microfilaments) + repair (scar)
c) Communicate with neurons via ‘gliotransmitters’ (eg. glutanmate)
d) Maintain environment around neuron (eg. Regulate ions)
e) Maintain blood-brain barrier via endothelium.

61
Q

structure and function of oligodendrocytes

A

a) Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath (protein lipid layer) around CNS axons
b) Can myelinate more than 1 neuron cell’s axon; connection between neuron axon’s.
Accelerate action potential

62
Q

structure and function of microglia

A

Protection: Phagocytic (resident macrophages)

63
Q

structure and function of ependymal cells

A

a) Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
b) Line CSF – filled ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord
c) Single layer of cuboidal cells have cilia – flow of CSF around the brain – and microvilli – SA for sampling CSF for modifications
d) Located in ventricles and other CSF locations
e) CSF mechanical buffer: moves nutrients + waste

64
Q

PNS neuroglia classifications (x2)

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

65
Q

structure and function of Schwann cells

A

equiv. to CNS oligodendrocyte
Form insulating myelin sheath around axons
Support around several non-myelinated axons
- x1 schwann cell per axon for myelination but more axons/cell if just support

66
Q

structure and function of satellite cells

A

equiv. to astrocytes in CNS
a) Surround neuron cell bodies
b) Support + fluid exchange

Lecture | BioSci 107 (7 decks)

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