Lecture 6 Functional Organisation Of The Cortex

Question 1

From which surface of the Brain, can the central Sulcus be seen?

Answer 1

Lateral and medial

Question 2

What do the gyri flanking the calcarine sulcus contain?

Answer 2

The primary visual cortex

Question 3

What gyrus is continuous with the cingulate gyrus posterior to the splenium of the corpus callosum?

Answer 3

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 4

What lies deep to the parahippocampal gyrus?

Answer 4

Hippocampus

Question 5

The hippocampus lies within which lobe?

Answer 5

The temporal lobe

Question 6

What is the hippocampus associated with?

Answer 6

Memory

Question 7

What connects the parahippocampul gyrus and the cingulate gyrus, and where can it be seen?

Answer 7

Isthmus, posterior to the splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 8

What is the uncus associated with?

Answer 8

Smell

Question 9

What is the course of association fibres to form a memory?

Answer 9

A bundle of association fibres run from the frontal lobe (Associated with organising movement and behaviour,) passes into the parietal lobe (Part of the sensory cortex,) passes past the visual cortex, then round to the uncus and into the hippocampus

Question 10

What is the limbic lobe made up of?

Answer 10

The cingulate sulcus and gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the collateral sulcus and the uncus

Question 11

What separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the rest of the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

The collateral sulcus

Question 12

How many brodmann areas exist in the brain?

Answer 12

46

Question 13

What is meant by a primary projection sensory area?

Answer 13

Specific sensory pathways terminate here

Question 14

What is meant by primary projection motor area?

Answer 14

Specific motor pathways originate here

Question 15

Where is the general sensory primary projection area?

Answer 15

Post central gyrus

Question 16

Where is the visual primary projection area?

Answer 16

Striate cortex

Question 17

Where is the primary projection auditory area?

Answer 17

Superior temporal gyrus

Question 18

What is meant by Heschl’s gyrus?

Answer 18

Superior temporal gyrus

Question 19

Where is the olfactory primary projection area?

Answer 19

Uncus

Question 20

Where is the gustatory primary projection area?

Answer 20

Inferior post-central gyrus

Question 21

Where is the primary motor cortex, and what is meant by this?

Answer 21

Pre-central gyrus, every single muscle in the body is innovated via a neuron from the pre-central gyrus

Question 22

What is meant by the statement “The post-central gyrus is somatotopically organised”?

Answer 22

Specific parts of the post-central gyrus receive input from specific parts of the body (Via specific, thalamic nuclei.)

Question 23

Sensory input from which 3 structures, projects to the midline of the post-central gyrus?

Answer 23

Foot, toes and genitals

Question 24

The lateral ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus receives input from what part of the body and projects to what part of the post-central gyrus?

Answer 24

Lateral VPL receives input from the leg and projects to the midline

Question 25

The medial VPL nucleus of the thalamus receives input from what part of the body and projects to which part of the post-central gyrus?

Answer 25

Receives input from the arm and projects to the lateral region

Question 26

The ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, receives input from what part of the body? And projects to what part of the post-central gyrus?

Answer 26

The face and to the lateral region

Question 27

Is the pre-central gyrus arranged in a similar way to the post-central gyrus? And what is meant by this?

Answer 27

Yes, axons to specific muscles in specific parts of the body originate from specific parts of the pre-central gyrus

Question 28

What is meant by a secondary or association sensory area?

Answer 28

This area receives input from the primary sensory area and is involved in interpretation and understanding

Question 29

Where are association areas normally located?

Answer 29

Close to the primary areas

Question 30

What is meant by secondary or association motor areas?

Answer 30

This area sends output to the primary motor area and is involved in organising the patterns of movement

Question 31

Where is the general sensory association area located?

Answer 31

Superior parietal lobe

Question 32

Where is the auditory association area located

Answer 32

The lateral fissure/ superior temporal gyri

Question 33

Who is the safest?

Answer 33

Jake Norman

Question 34

Where is the pre-motor association area located?

Answer 34

Anterior to the pre-central sulcus on the lateral surface

Question 35

Where is the supplementary motor area located?

Answer 35

Anterior to the pre-central sulcus on the medial surface

Question 36

Where is the frontal eye field located?

Answer 36

Anterior to the pre-motor area

Question 37

What does the frontal eye field do?

Answer 37

Controls the eyes

Question 38

Whats is the supplementary motor area to do with?

Answer 38

Stability

Question 39

What is meant by the word equipotential?

Answer 39

The left does the same as the right. This is true for general functions

Question 40

Is functioning equipotential for higher functions?

Answer 40

No, for higher functions, you have cerebral dominance

Question 41

For sensory and motor association areas, is functioning equipotential?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

What does damage to secondary sensory areas lead to?

Answer 42

Disorders of understanding

Question 43

What is meant by agnosia?

Answer 43

A disorder of understanding due to damage to a secondary sensory area, an awareness of the sensation persists but the significance of the sensation is lost, for example if you held an object with your eyes closed, you would know you were touching something but you wouldn't be able to recognise what it was

Question 44

What does damage to a secondary motor area lead to?

Answer 44

An inability to carry out purposive movements, but there is no paralysis. Leads to an inability to perform learned movements

Question 45

What is meant by apraxia?

Answer 45

An inability to carry out purposive movements, due to damage to a secondary motor area

Question 46

What is the general association cortex involved in?

Answer 46

More complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning

Question 47

In terms of the general association cortex, what is the parieto-temporal cortex involved in?

Answer 47

It's involved in memory, it integrates information of different modalities

Question 48

In terms of the general association cortex, what is the pre-frontal cortex involved in?

Answer 48

Regulates moods and feelings, involved in higher order cognitive functions, such as conceptualisation, planning and judgement

Question 49

What is meant by the statement "As you ascend the hierarchy of cortical function lateralisation of some functions occurs"?

Answer 49

In terms of higher functions, such as linguistic function, there is cerebral dominance i.e. lateralisation of function

Question 50

Where is the auditory association area found?

Answer 50

In one hemisphere, specialised for linguistic function, usually the left hemisphere

Question 51

Which hemisphere is said to be the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 51

The left hemisphere, this is related to handedness i.e. left motor function controls the right limb

Question 52

What is the non-dominant hemisphere concerned with?

Answer 52

Spatial awareness

Question 53

Which two specific areas on the left hemisphere are involved in language?

Answer 53

one is Wernick's area, the other is Broca's area

Question 54

Does Wernick's area lie anteriorly or posteriorly in the left hemisphere? And what is it to do with?

Answer 54

Wernick's area lies posteriorly and is sensory or receptive, so to do with understanding

Question 55

Does Broca's area lie anteriorly or posteriorly in the left hemisphere? And what is it to do with?

Answer 55

Broca's area lies anteriorly and is motor-expressive, so to do with production of speech

Question 56

Damage to Wernick's area, results in what kind of Aphasia?

Answer 56

Receptive Aphasia i.e. an inability to understand language

Question 57

Damage to Broca's area, results in what kind of Aphasia?

Answer 57

Expressive Aphasia i.e. an inability to correctly articulate speech