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Year 2 Term 1 Control > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term rostral?

A

Position of a structure with reference to the nose, forebrain is rostral to the hindbrain

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2
Q

What is meant by the term caudal?

A

Towards the tail

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3
Q

What is meant by the term medial?

A

Closer to the median sagittal plane

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4
Q

What is meant by the term lateral?

A

Further from the medial sagittal plane

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5
Q

What is the cephalic flexure and what is the angle?

A

100 degree angle

Bend between the midbrain and the diencephalon

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6
Q

In situ which side is the dorsal surface of the brain?

A

The superior surface

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7
Q

In situ which side is the ventral surface of the brain?

A

The inferior surface

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8
Q

Which 3 parts make up the hindbrain?

A

The cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Roughly on a skull where do the coronal and sagittal sutures lie?

A

Coronal, across the front

Sagittal - down the middle

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10
Q

In which direction would you cut the brain in order to make a transverse section of either the brainstem of spinal cord?

A

Transverse

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11
Q

What is meant by grey matter?

A

Made up of cell bodies - this makes up the cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What is meant by white matter?

A

Made up of nerve axons

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13
Q

What is meant by the ‘cortex’ of the brain?

A

The outer layer

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14
Q

What is meant by the term nucleus?

A

Made up of cell bodies

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15
Q

What is meant by the term tracts?

A

Bundles of nerve axons

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16
Q

What is meant by the term ganglion?

A

Large discrete collection of nerve cell bodies from which bundles of nerve fibres emerge

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17
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the forebrain or cerebrum?

A

The 2 cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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18
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

The medulla
Pons
And midbrain

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19
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Broad band of nerve fibres joining the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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20
Q

What is the function of the pre central gyrus?

A

Motor cortex, all motor axons originate from here, responsible for movement on the opposite side of the body

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21
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

A

Sensory cortex, all conscious sensation is carried in sensory axons which go to the post central gyrus

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22
Q

Is the optic nerve part of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS as comes from the brain

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23
Q

Are peduncles white or grey matter structure?

A

Either exclusively white matter - cerebellar peduncles

Or a mixture of white and grey matter - cerebral peduncles

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24
Q

What is the name of the dural septum separating the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

The falx cerebri

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25
Q

What is the name of the dural septum which extends between the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

What is the function of the dural septae?

A

Restrict the rotatory displacement of the brain

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27
Q

Which dural sinuses run along the attachment of these 2 dural septae to the skull?

A

1) Superior sagittal sinus (falx cerebri)

2) Right and left transverse sinus (tentorium cerebelli)

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28
Q

What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

A

Collections of arachnoid villi form arachnoid granulations which act to allow CSF out of sub arachnoid space into subdural space and thus into the blood

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29
Q

Which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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30
Q

Why is the middle meningeal artery so clinically significant?

A

An injured middle meningeal artery is the most common cause of an epidural haematoma

31
Q

Which 2 blood vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the brain?

A

1) Vertebral arteries

2) Internal carotid arteries

32
Q

Which arteries make up the posterior system of vessels?

A 
Vertebral
Basilar
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Inferior posterior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Superior cerebellar
Posterior cerebral
33
Q

What arteries make up the anterior system of arteries?

A 
Posterior communicating
Internal carotid
Middle cerebral
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
34
Q

Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?

A 
Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Internal carotid
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
35
Q

What is the functional significance of the circle of Willis?

A

Provide alternative pathways for blood flow in the brain if a vessel becomes blocked

36
Q

Other than the cerebellar arteries what other 2 arteries come off the basillar and what do they supply?

A

Pontine arteries - supply pons

Labyrinthine arteries - supply inner ear

37
Q

What are the penetrating arterial branches that arise from the circle of Willis and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

A

Central or perforating arteries

38
Q

What are penetrating arterial branches that arise from the middle cerebral arteries and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?

A

Striate arteries

39
Q

What do the striate arteries supply?

A

Internal capsule and adjacent portions of basal ganglia

40
Q

What is the name of the 2 sets of veins involved of the drainage of blood from the brain called?

A

1) Superficial veins

2) Deep veins

41
Q

The majority of superficial veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus, where is that located?

A

At the root of the falx cerebri

42
Q

Where does the great cerebral vein emerge in the brain?

A

Just below the posterior part of the corpus callosum

43
Q

What is the pattern of drainage of superficial veins?

A 
Superficial veins
into superior sagittal sinus
into confluence of sinuses
into transverse sinuses
into sigmoid sinus
into internal jugular vein
44
Q

What is the pattern of drainage of the deep veins of the brain?

A 
Deep veins
into internal cerebral veins
into great cerebral vein
into straight sinus
into confluence of sinuses
into transverse sinuses
into sigmoid sinus
into internal jugular vein
45
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

A berry-like swelling at the branching part of an artery under the brain especially at the circle of willis, due to congenital weakness, often causes fatal sub arachnoid haemorrhage

46
Q

Is the corpus callosum made up of grey or white matter?

A

White matter

47
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Small part of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain

48
Q

What 2 sections is the midbrain made up of?

A

The tectum

The tegmentum

49
Q

Which portion of the midbrain does the tectum make up?

A

Rear portion

50
Q

What is the tectum made up of?

A

2 paired round swellings

The superior and inferior colliculi

51
Q

What reflexes are the superior colliculi involved in?

A

Visual reflexes

52
Q

What reflexes are the inferior colliculi involved in?

A

Auditory reflexes

53
Q

Where is the tegmentum located in the midbrain?

A

Anterior to the tectum

54
Q

What are the 3 regions of the tegmentum?

A

Red nucleus
Periaqueductal gray
Substantia nigra

55
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

One on each side of the midbrain, connect the hindbrain to the forebrain

56
Q

Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function?

A

Located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe

Motor area of speech

57
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located and what is its function?

A

Located in the left temporal lobe

Responsible for the understanding of sppech

58
Q

On which cerebral hemisphere does language function tend to be?

A

L side

59
Q

What 2 parts is the diencephalon made up of?

A

Thalamus (have 2)

Hypothalamus (have 1)

60
Q

How are the 2 thalamus connected?

A

By interthalamic adhesion

61
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

By the pituitary stalk

62
Q

What gyri are located on the temporal lobe?

A

The superior, middle and inferior gyri

63
Q

What system does the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe have a role in?

A

The auditory system

64
Q

Where is the calcarine sulcus located and what does it have a role in?

A

Located in the occipital lobe, has a role in visual sense

65
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter structure joining the 2 cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

How many layers of dura mater can be found in the brain and how many can be found around the spinal cord?

A

2 in the brain

1 in the spinal cord

67
Q

Where does a subdural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between dural and arachnoid mater

68
Q

Subdural haemorrhage is usually do to a break in what?

A

Veins and venous plexuses

69
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

In the choroid plexus in the 2 lateral, the 3rd and the 4th ventricle

70
Q

How does CSF exit into the subarachnoid space?

A

Through the 4th ventricle

71
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles and what do they connect?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

1) Superior - cerebellum to midbrain
2) Middle - cerebellum to pons
3) Inferior - cerebellum to medulla oblongata and brainstem

72
Q

What is the basis pedunculi?

A

Another name for the crus cerebri or cerebral peduncles

73
Q

What are the crus cerebri?

A

2 large columns of descending fibres. crus cerebri are continuous rostrally with the internal capsule, and consists of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres thathave left the cerebral hemispheres via the internal capsule on their way to the brainstem and spinal cord. they are primarily motor in function

74
Q

What separates the crus cerebri from the tegmentum of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

Year 2 Term 1 Control (14 decks)

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