Anatomy 2 Flashcards
What is meant by the term rostral?
Position of a structure with reference to the nose, forebrain is rostral to the hindbrain
What is meant by the term caudal?
Towards the tail
What is meant by the term medial?
Closer to the median sagittal plane
What is meant by the term lateral?
Further from the medial sagittal plane
What is the cephalic flexure and what is the angle?
100 degree angle
Bend between the midbrain and the diencephalon
In situ which side is the dorsal surface of the brain?
The superior surface
In situ which side is the ventral surface of the brain?
The inferior surface
Which 3 parts make up the hindbrain?
The cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
Roughly on a skull where do the coronal and sagittal sutures lie?
Coronal, across the front
Sagittal - down the middle
In which direction would you cut the brain in order to make a transverse section of either the brainstem of spinal cord?
Transverse
What is meant by grey matter?
Made up of cell bodies - this makes up the cerebral cortex
What is meant by white matter?
Made up of nerve axons
What is meant by the ‘cortex’ of the brain?
The outer layer
What is meant by the term nucleus?
Made up of cell bodies
What is meant by the term tracts?
Bundles of nerve axons
What is meant by the term ganglion?
Large discrete collection of nerve cell bodies from which bundles of nerve fibres emerge
Which subdivisions of the brain make up the forebrain or cerebrum?
The 2 cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Which subdivisions of the brain make up the brain stem?
The medulla
Pons
And midbrain
What is the corpus callosum?
Broad band of nerve fibres joining the 2 hemispheres of the brain
What is the function of the pre central gyrus?
Motor cortex, all motor axons originate from here, responsible for movement on the opposite side of the body
What is the function of the post central gyrus?
Sensory cortex, all conscious sensation is carried in sensory axons which go to the post central gyrus
Is the optic nerve part of the CNS or PNS?
CNS as comes from the brain
Are peduncles white or grey matter structure?
Either exclusively white matter - cerebellar peduncles
Or a mixture of white and grey matter - cerebral peduncles
What is the name of the dural septum separating the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
The falx cerebri
What is the name of the dural septum which extends between the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the function of the dural septae?
Restrict the rotatory displacement of the brain
Which dural sinuses run along the attachment of these 2 dural septae to the skull?
1) Superior sagittal sinus (falx cerebri)
2) Right and left transverse sinus (tentorium cerebelli)
What is the function of the arachnoid villi?
Collections of arachnoid villi form arachnoid granulations which act to allow CSF out of sub arachnoid space into subdural space and thus into the blood
Which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater?
Middle meningeal artery
Why is the middle meningeal artery so clinically significant?
An injured middle meningeal artery is the most common cause of an epidural haematoma
Which 2 blood vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the brain?
1) Vertebral arteries
2) Internal carotid arteries
Which arteries make up the posterior system of vessels?
Vertebral Basilar Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Inferior posterior cerebellar Anterior inferior cerebellar Superior cerebellar Posterior cerebral
What arteries make up the anterior system of arteries?
Posterior communicating Internal carotid Middle cerebral Anterior cerebral Anterior communicating
Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?
Posterior cerebral Posterior communicating Internal carotid Anterior cerebral Anterior communicating
What is the functional significance of the circle of Willis?
Provide alternative pathways for blood flow in the brain if a vessel becomes blocked
Other than the cerebellar arteries what other 2 arteries come off the basillar and what do they supply?
Pontine arteries - supply pons
Labyrinthine arteries - supply inner ear
What are the penetrating arterial branches that arise from the circle of Willis and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?
Central or perforating arteries
What are penetrating arterial branches that arise from the middle cerebral arteries and pass into the substance of the brain often referred to?
Striate arteries
What do the striate arteries supply?
Internal capsule and adjacent portions of basal ganglia
What is the name of the 2 sets of veins involved of the drainage of blood from the brain called?
1) Superficial veins
2) Deep veins
The majority of superficial veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus, where is that located?
At the root of the falx cerebri
Where does the great cerebral vein emerge in the brain?
Just below the posterior part of the corpus callosum
What is the pattern of drainage of superficial veins?
Superficial veins into superior sagittal sinus into confluence of sinuses into transverse sinuses into sigmoid sinus into internal jugular vein
What is the pattern of drainage of the deep veins of the brain?
Deep veins into internal cerebral veins into great cerebral vein into straight sinus into confluence of sinuses into transverse sinuses into sigmoid sinus into internal jugular vein
What is a berry aneurysm?
A berry-like swelling at the branching part of an artery under the brain especially at the circle of willis, due to congenital weakness, often causes fatal sub arachnoid haemorrhage
Is the corpus callosum made up of grey or white matter?
White matter
What is the midbrain?
Small part of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
What 2 sections is the midbrain made up of?
The tectum
The tegmentum
Which portion of the midbrain does the tectum make up?
Rear portion
What is the tectum made up of?
2 paired round swellings
The superior and inferior colliculi
What reflexes are the superior colliculi involved in?
Visual reflexes
What reflexes are the inferior colliculi involved in?
Auditory reflexes
Where is the tegmentum located in the midbrain?
Anterior to the tectum
What are the 3 regions of the tegmentum?
Red nucleus
Periaqueductal gray
Substantia nigra
What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?
One on each side of the midbrain, connect the hindbrain to the forebrain
Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function?
Located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe
Motor area of speech
Where is Wernicke’s area located and what is its function?
Located in the left temporal lobe
Responsible for the understanding of sppech
On which cerebral hemisphere does language function tend to be?
L side
What 2 parts is the diencephalon made up of?
Thalamus (have 2)
Hypothalamus (have 1)
How are the 2 thalamus connected?
By interthalamic adhesion
How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?
By the pituitary stalk
What gyri are located on the temporal lobe?
The superior, middle and inferior gyri
What system does the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe have a role in?
The auditory system
Where is the calcarine sulcus located and what does it have a role in?
Located in the occipital lobe, has a role in visual sense
What is the corpus callosum?
White matter structure joining the 2 cerebral hemispheres
How many layers of dura mater can be found in the brain and how many can be found around the spinal cord?
2 in the brain
1 in the spinal cord
Where does a subdural haemorrhage occur?
Between dural and arachnoid mater
Subdural haemorrhage is usually do to a break in what?
Veins and venous plexuses
Where is CSF made?
In the choroid plexus in the 2 lateral, the 3rd and the 4th ventricle
How does CSF exit into the subarachnoid space?
Through the 4th ventricle
What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles and what do they connect?
Superior, middle and inferior
1) Superior - cerebellum to midbrain
2) Middle - cerebellum to pons
3) Inferior - cerebellum to medulla oblongata and brainstem
What is the basis pedunculi?
Another name for the crus cerebri or cerebral peduncles
What are the crus cerebri?
2 large columns of descending fibres. crus cerebri are continuous rostrally with the internal capsule, and consists of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres thathave left the cerebral hemispheres via the internal capsule on their way to the brainstem and spinal cord. they are primarily motor in function
What separates the crus cerebri from the tegmentum of the midbrain?
Substantia nigra
