Face

Question 1

4 roles of the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 1

1) Act as sphincters and dilators controlling the various openings
2) Support the angles of the eyes and mouth
3) Prevent secretions dribbling on to the face
4) Communication - change the expression of the face

Question 2

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 2

Facial nerve CN VII

Question 3

What are the sensory and autonomic functions of the facial nerve?

Answer 3

Sensory - taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Autonomic - lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

Question 4

Which 2 muscles act as dilators of the eye?

Answer 4

Act to elevate the eyelid

1) Levator palpebrae superioris
2) Smooth muscle called superior tarsal (mullers muscle)

Question 5

Paralysis of orbicularis oculi can lead to what serious complication?

Answer 5

Results in failure of the eyelid to close - can lead to corneal injury due to lack of protection and dryness

Question 6

Which muscles acts as a sphincter for the mouth?

Answer 6

Orbicularis oris

Question 7

What is the function of the buccinator muscle in neonates and in adults?

Answer 7

In neonates - for suckling reflex

In adults - presses cheek against teeth and pushes food out of this space and onto the molars

Question 8

Which is the largest of the paired salivary glands?

Answer 8

The parotid

Question 9

What interval does the parotid gland occupy?

Answer 9

The interval between the mastoid process and the origin of sternocleidomastoid posteriorly and the ramus of the mandible, which it overlaps, anteriorly

Question 10

What does the parotid gland lie within?

Answer 10

The fascial parotid sheath which is continuous with the investing fascia of the neck

Question 11

Name a condition in which the parotid gland becomes swollen and why this may be painful?

Answer 11

Parotid gland stones
The facial nerve travels through the parotid gland and inflammation of the parotid may lead to pressure on the facial nerve causing pain

Question 12

Where does the parotid duct open in the mouth?

Answer 12

Near the second upper molar tooth

Question 13

Which cranial nerve divides into its 5 terminal branches within the parotid gland?

Answer 13

The facial nerve

Question 14

The facial nerve lies superficially in the parotid gland so is vulnerable to damage, name 2 situations in which the nerve may be at risk?

Answer 14

Inflammation of the parotid gland

Trauma to the face

Question 15

Other than the facial nerve which 2 other important vessels lie within the parotid gland?

Answer 15

1) Retromandibular vein (drains into the internal jugular)

2) Deep to that is the external carotid artery

Question 16

What 2 terminal branches does the external carotid divide into within the parotid gland and which way do these project?

Answer 16

1) Maxillary artery - projects anteriorly

2) Superficial temporal artery - projects superiorly

Question 17

Which cranial nerve loops anterior to the internal and external carotids just superior to the bifurcation - where is it travelling?

Answer 17

The hypoglossal nerve - running towards the tongue

Question 18

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

Answer 18

1) Masseter
2) Temporalis
3) Medial pterygoid
4) Lateral pterygoid

Question 19

What is the function of the masseter muscle?

Answer 19

Elevates the mandible - a muscle of mastication

Question 20

What is the nerve supply to the masseter muscle?

Answer 20

Masseteric nerve from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

Question 21

Which muscle acts as a sphincter around the eye?

Answer 21

Orbicularis oculi

Question 22

Which muscle lies above the orbit running posteriorly over the skull?

Answer 22

Frontalis muscle

Question 23

The fibres of which muscle run upwards from the corner of the mouth, what do they do?

Answer 23

Zygomaticus muscle

Helps to elevate the corner of the mouth

Question 24

Which muscle does the parotid duct run over?

Answer 24

The masseter muscle

Question 25

Where does the masseter muscle extend from and to?

Answer 25

Extends from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly

Question 26

At what point does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity, penetrating which muscle?

Answer 26

Once the parotid gland reaches the anterior margin of masseter it penetrates the buccinator muscle which forms the lateral wall of the oral cavity

Question 27

What must be removed to reveal the buccinator muscle?

Answer 27

The buccal fat pad

Question 28

What 2 important arteries does the maxillary artery give rise to?

Answer 28

Inferior alveolar - supplying the teeth | Middle meningeal artery

Question 29

What is the most superficial muscle in the neck?

Answer 29

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 30

Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle extend from and to?

Answer 30

From the mastoid process on skull to the sternum and clavicle

Question 31

Which vessel runs on the anterior surface of sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 31

External jugular vein

Question 32

What forms the 3 borders of the anterior triangle in the neck?

Answer 32

Superior border - inferior border of mandible Medial border - imaginary midline running to sternal notch Lateral border - medial border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 33

What are the 4 infra hyoid muscles, which 2 are more superficial?

Answer 33

``` More superficial 1) Sternohyoid 2) Omohyoid Deeper 1) Sternothyroid 2) Thyrohyoid ```

Question 34

Which is the most superficial suprahyoid muscle and what muscle lies deep to that?

Answer 34

Most superficial = anterior belly of digastric | Deep to that = mylohyoid

Question 35

Where does the mylohyoid muscle run from?

Answer 35

Runs from mandible, meets in midline where 2 halves interdigitate and then extends posteriorly to the hyoid bone

Question 36

Mylohyoid is one of the muscles which forms the floor of what?

Answer 36

The mouth

Question 37

The cricoid cartilage is what shape?

Answer 37

Resembles a sovereign ring and your just looking at the band

Question 38

Why is the cricothyroid membrane an important region?

Answer 38

Can gain access to the airway by passing through this membrane

Question 39

Where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the carotid artery in the carotid sheath?

Answer 39

Deep to the carotid a.

Question 40

What is the ansa cervicalis and where does it run?

Answer 40

Loop of nerves formed from C1,C2,C3 Gives rise to various nerves which go to supply some of the infrahyoid muscles The anterior part of the loop runs down the anterior surface of the internal jugular vein The posterior part of the loop runs posterior to the internal jugular vein

Question 41

Does the internal or external carotid lie most laterally?

Answer 41

The internal carotid lies most laterally

Question 42

Which 3 arteries come of the external carotid in the neck?

Answer 42

From superior to inferior 1) Facial 2) Lingual 3) Superior thyroid

Question 43

Why may you only see 2 vessels coming off the external carotid in the neck region?

Answer 43

The lingual and facial may come off a joint stalk

Question 44

What does the facial artery pass through?

Answer 44

The sub mandibular gland