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Microbiology > Lecture 6 From DNA to protein > Flashcards

Lecture 6 From DNA to protein Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the nucleotides in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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2
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids determine of a protein?

A

Structure and function

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5
Q

What are the two types of proteins that amino acids make up?

A

Structural proteins, enzymes

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6
Q

What is a genome?

A

complete set of genetic information

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7
Q

A genome is made of what?

A

chromosome plus plasmids

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8
Q

All cells have what genome?

A

DNA

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9
Q

Viruses may have ____ genome

A

RNA

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10
Q

What are the two tasks that cells must accomplish to multiple?

A

DNA replication, Gene expression

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11
Q

What is transcription

A

Information in DNA is copied into RNA

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12
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA is used to synthesize proteins

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13
Q

How does information flow?

A

DNA to RNA to protein

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14
Q

in DNA, what is numbered?

A

carbon atoms of pentose sugar

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15
Q

Nucleotides joined between ____ and ____

A

5’PO4 and 3’OH

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16
Q

What do nucleotides in DNA form?

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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17
Q

What ends does a single DNA strand have?

A

5’ and 3’

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18
Q

Strands are ________ which are held together by ________ bonds between nucleobases

A

complementary
hydrogen

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19
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

Adenine to thymine (2 H bonds)
Cytosine to Guanine (3 H bonds)

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20
Q

Strands are ________, oriented in opposite directions

A

Anti parallel

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21
Q

RNA has ________ instead of deoxyribose

A

ribose

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22
Q

RNA has ________ instead of thymine

A

Uracil

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23
Q

What is RNA shape?

A

Short, single strand

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24
Q

In RNA, what replaces thymine?

A

Uracil

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25
Q

Uracil pairs with what in RNA?

A

Adenine

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26
Q

RNA molecules is like the _______

A

transcript

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27
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

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28
Q

Which RNA goes through translation to make a protein?

A

mRNA

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29
Q

DNA replication usually bidirectional from _______ of replication

A

Origin

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30
Q

Two _______ meets at terminating site when process is complete

A

Replication forks

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31
Q

Replication is _______

A

Semiconservative

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32
Q

In DNA replication, what two things bind to the origin of replication?

A

DNA gyrase and helicases

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33
Q

What do DNA gyrase and helicases do?

A

break and unwind DNA helix
expose single stranded region that can act as a template

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34
Q

What RNA enzyme is ABSOLUTELY needed for DNA synthesis?

A

Primase RNA polymerase

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35
Q

What does Primase RNA polymerase do?

A

synthesizes short regions of RNA called primers

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36
Q

Many enzymes form assembly lines called _______

A

Replisomes

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37
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize in?

A

5’ to 3’

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38
Q

What powers the DNA polymerase to synthesize?

A

The hydrolysis of a high energy phosphate bond

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39
Q

DNA polymerase can ONLY _______ nucleotides, not _______

A

Add, initiate

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40
Q

Why are RNA primers required at the origin of replication?

A

Gives DNA polymerase a molecules to ADD nucleotides to

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41
Q

When helicases unzip DNA, it reveals _______

A

Template sequences

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42
Q

in helicase unzipping, _______ strand is synthesized continuously

A

Leading

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43
Q

Spicing removes segments of _____

A

Eukoryotic transcript

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44
Q

non coding intervening sequences are what

A

Introns

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45
Q

in splicing, introns are _____

A

Removed

46
Q

Expressed regions called _____ remain after introns are removed

A

Exons

47
Q

Eukoaryotic mRNA produced within membrane bound nucleus must be transported to _____

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

Translation cannot _____ during transcription

A

begin

49
Q

mRNA is _____

A

Monocistronic

50
Q

Translation begins at the first _____

A

AUG

51
Q

Ribosomes composed of what subunits?

A

40s and 60s

52
Q

A set of regulated genes transcribed as single mRNA along with its control sequences is called

A

Operon

53
Q

Lac operon means what

A

Lactose metabolism

54
Q

Separate operons controlled by single regulatory mechanism constitute _____

A

Regulon

55
Q

_____ is simultaneous regulation of numerous genes

A

global control

56
Q

_____ enzymes synthesize constantly

A

Constitutive

57
Q

Constitutive enzymes typically have indispensible roles in _____ _____

A

central metabolism
e.g. enzymes of glycloysis

58
Q

In helicase unzipping, the ________ is synthesized discontinuosly

A

Lagging

59
Q

DNA can only add nucleotides to ________ end

A

3’

60
Q

Different DNA polymerase replaces ________

A

Primers

61
Q

________ forms covalent bond between adjacent nucleotides

A

DNA ligase

62
Q

Lagging strand produces ________

A

Okazaki fragments

63
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Enzyme that temporarily breaks strands of DNA, relieves tension caused by unwinding two strands

64
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins two DNA fragments by formaing COVALENT bond between sugar and phosphate of adjacent nucleotides

65
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes DNA, uses one strand as template to make the other

66
Q

Synthesis always occurs in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

67
Q

What are helicases

A

Enzymes that unwind DNA helix at replication fork

68
Q

What is okazaki fragment

A

Nucleic acid fragment produced during discontinuation synthesis of lagging DNA strand

69
Q

What is origin of replication

A

Region of DNA where replication is initiated

70
Q

What is primase

A

Enzyme that synthesizes small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA synthesis

71
Q

What is primer

A

fragment of nucleic acid to which DNA polymerase can add nucleotides
- can only add to existing fragment

72
Q

What is replisome

A

Complex of enzymes and other protein that synthesize DNA

73
Q

Replication produces how many complete copies of DNA?

A

two

74
Q

Cell can initiate another round of replication BEFORE

A

previous round is complete

75
Q

Each daughter cell inherits how many chromosomes already undergoing replication?

A

One

76
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes single stranded RNA (mRNA) from DNA template

77
Q

RNA polymerase binds to ________

A

Promoter

78
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase synthesize in?

A

5’ to 3’
(orientation of newly synthesized strand)

79
Q

Transcription stops at a sequence called

A

Terminator

80
Q

What polymerase DOES not need a primer?

A

RNA polymerase

81
Q

RNA sequence is ________ and ________ to DNA template strand

A

Complementary, antiparallel

82
Q

DNA template is + or - strand

A

-

83
Q

Complement is + or - strand

A

+

84
Q

RNA has the same sequence as what DNA strand?

A

+ DNA strand except Uracil instead of thymine

85
Q

What is the prokaryotic mRNA transcript of one gene?

A

Monocistronic

86
Q

What is the prokaryotic mRNA transcript of multiple genes?

A

Polycistronic

87
Q

Proteins encoded on polycistronic message generally have ________ functions

A

Related

88
Q

What orients the direction of transcription

A

Promoter

89
Q

Promoter is found ________ of genes

A

upstream

90
Q

Once RNA polymerase has moved beyond promoter, what happens?

A

another RNA polymerase can bind

91
Q

When RNA polymerase has moved beyond the promoter, another polymerase can bind
- this allows ________ and ________ transcription

A

Rapid, repeated

92
Q

What recognizes promoter?

A

sigma factor

93
Q

synthesis of sigma factors controls what?

A

transcription of sets of genes

94
Q

what cells use transcription factors to recognize promoters instead of sigma factors?

A

eukaryotic, archaea

95
Q

When is transcription initiated?

A

When RNA polymerase binds to promoter

96
Q

What are the major components of the process of decoding information in mRNA?

A

mRNA, ribosomes (rRNA), tRNAs, accessory proteins

97
Q

mRNA is what?

A

temporary copy of genetic information

98
Q

Cell must decode the information imbedded in linear array of ________ nucleotide sequence; translating them into the ________ sequence contained in a protein

A

Nucleotide, amino acid

99
Q

Genetic code is how many nucleotides?

A

3

100
Q

What is 3 nucleotides also called?

A

Codon

101
Q

What is a codon the same as?

A

amino acid

102
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

103
Q

What is the start/methionine codon?

A

AUG

104
Q

What defines the coding region?

A

nucleotide sequence

105
Q

Ribosomes serve as

A

Translation machines

106
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

aligns and forms peptide bond between amino acids

107
Q

Ribosomes located ________ sequences on mRNA

begins at start site, moves in 5’ to 3’ direction

A

punctuation

108
Q

Prokaryotic comprised of ________ and ________ subunits

A

30S and 50S

109
Q

How many reading frames are possible?

A

3 reading frames AKA ways in which triplets of nucleotides can be grouped

110
Q

What do tRNAs do?

A

deliver correct amino acid

111
Q

Each tRNA has a specific ________ sequence, base-pairs with codon
- each carries appropriate amino acid specified by codon
- after delivering amino acid, tRNA can be ________

A

anticodon

recycled

112
Q

Which direction does the anticodon of tRNA go in?

A

3’ to 5’

Microbiology (16 decks)

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