Lecture 11 Innate Immunity Flashcards
What is the most abundand WBC, most active and potent phagocytic killer
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Rapid response, move into area and eliminate invaders
Neutrophils are most critical in what stages of inflammations?
early
neutrophils are the first to be recruited from _______ to _______
Bloodstream to site of damage
neutrophils are more powerful than _______
macrophages
when do neutrophils die?
once an assault on microbe is made
neutrophils kill microbes via phagocytosis and release of _______
granule content
Granular contents are
lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase
neutrophiles can release DNA to form what?
neutrophile extracellular traps (NETs) catching microbes, allowing enzymes and pepetides from granules to destroy them
What is the purpose of inflammation
contain site of damage, localize response, eliminate invader, restore tissue function
What does inflammation result in
swelling, redness, heat, pain, sometimes loss of function
What triggers inflammation
Pattern recognition receptors
What do PRRs do?
detect MAMPS and DAMPS
What are MAMPs and DAMPs?
microbe associated
damage associated molecular patterns
Host cells release _______ during inflammation
Inflammatory mediators (cytokines, histamine)
MAMPS cause release of what
tumor necrosis factor
TNF does what?
induces liver to produce acute phase proteins that activate complement
blood vessel damage starts two enzymatic cascades which lead to
coagulation and increased vessel permeability
what happens to small blood vessels during inflammation
they dilate
greater blood flow, slower flow rate
leakage of fluids
What happens to leukocytes during inflammation/
migrate from bloodstream to tissues
what is margination
endothelial cells grab phagocytes and slow them down
What is diapedesis
phagocytes squeeze between cells of vessel
What do clotting factors do
wall off infection site, prevent bleeding, stop spread of microbes
What is acute inflammation
short term, mainly neutrophils, macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debris
if acute inflammation fails, what happens?
chronic inflammation
When inflammation happens, prevents spread but _______ builds
damage
What is necrosis
traumatic cell death due to damage
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death, does not trigger inflammatory response
What is pyropoptosis
triggers an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells
Fever is an indicator of what type of infection
bacterial
Temperature raises due to response to ______
pyrogens
what temp is a fever
above 37.8
What happens to bacteria above 37 degrees?
drops sharply, allows more time for defense
What happens to enzymes when temperature rises
increases rate of enzymes
What do first-line defenses do
barriers that block entry
Sentinel cells use________ receptors to idenfity unique microbial ocmponents
patten recognition systems
________ system found in blood and tissue fluid
complement
________ secreted with viral infection
Interferon
________ engulf microbes or cell debris
phagocytes
What are the first line defenses
Skin, mucous membranes of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract
Epidermis is filled with ________
keratin
________ degrade peptidoglycan
lysozyme
________ form antimicrobials, consume hydrogen peroxide to create more reactive forms of O2
peroxidases
________ and ________ bind iron
Lactoferrin, transferrin
________ form pores in microbial membranes
Defensins
Normal microbioate produces ________
toxic compounds
What is the formation and development of immune system called
Hematopoiesis
blood cells originate from ________ cells
Hematopoiesis stem cells
Hematapoietic stem cells are induced to develop by ________
colony stimulating factors
What are the three categories of cells in immune system
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells
What do RBC do
Carry O2
Platelets involved in ________
clotting
White blood cells ________
host defenses
Granulocytes contain ________ granules, named based on staining properties
cytoplasmic
Neutrophils circulate in ________
destroys ________
blood
bacteria
Basophils involved in ________
allergic reactions
What cells are similar to basophils
mast cells
Eosinophils fight ________
parasitic worms
what two cells have histamine
Basophils, eosinophils
________ differentiate from monocytes
macrophages
What are the types of mononuclear phagocytes
monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
What are macrophages
large eaters
dendritic cells are ________ cells
function as ________
sentinel
scouts
Dendritic cells bring material to cells for ________
inspection
Dendritic cells develop from ________
monocytes
________ are responsible for adaptive immunity
lymphocytes
What are two types of lymphocytes
B cells, T cells
Innate lymphoid cells lack
antigen recognition specificity
Type of ILC that destroys certain types of cells
Natural killer cells
Surface receptors serve as ________ of cell
eyes and ears
Surface receptors bind to ________ induces response
ligand
cytokines are ________ of cell, transmits ________
voices, signals
Cytokines act at a ________ concentration
low
________ allow cells to adhere to other cells
adhesion molecules
What are the five times of cytokines
chemokines, CSF, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
Chemokines
chemotaxis of immune cells
CSF is the multiplication and differentiation of ______
LEUKOCYTES
Interferons
Control of viral infections, regulation of immune response
Interleukins
Produced by leukocytes, tells cell how to differentiate
Tumor necrosis factor
inflammation, apoptosis
What do pattern recognition receptors do?
see signs of microbial invasion, lead to cytokine secretion
________ detected by PRRs
Microbe associated molecules patterns
What do MAMPs include
cell wall components, flagellin subunits, microbial nucleci acid
Damage associated molecular patterns indicate ________
host cell damage
Pattern recognition receptors are located where
cell surface, endosomes, phagosomes, cytoplasm
Toll likes receptors are anchored in what type of cells
sentinel
Surface TLRs monitor ________
extracellular environment
TLRs in phagosomal or endosomal membranes of organelles characterize what
ingested materials
Dendritic cells have both ________ and ________
TLRs and CLRs
PRRs detect viral ________
RNA
Interferon causes neighboring cells to express ________
inactive antiviral proteins
iAVPs activated by ________
viral dsRNA
What is the complement system?
proteins that circulate the blood and tissue fluid
Proteins named in order
C1 through C9
Three protective functions of complement
Opsonization (augmenting phagocytosis)
Promote inflammation
Lysis of invading cells
Alternative pathway is triggered when ________ binds to foreign cell surfaces
C3b
Lectin pathway is ________ molecules bind to mannose of microbial cells
Pattern recognition molecules (MBLs)
Classical pathway is activated by ________ bound to antigen which interact with complement systme
antibodies
In opsonization, C3b binds to bacterial cells
promotes engulfment by phagocytes that attach to ________
Opsonins
in inflammatory response, ________ attracts phagocytes to area
________ and ________ increase permeability of blood vessels including mast and other cells
C5a
C3a and C5a
In lysis of foreign cells, complements of proteins assemble to form ________
Membrane attack complexes
MACs cause pores in the membrane, causing the cell to ________
lyse
phagocytes________ material invading microbes
engulf
In chemotaxis, phagocytes are recruited by ________
chemoattractants
What is direct recognition and attachment
receptors bind mannose
What is indirect recognition and attachment
receptors bind to opsonins
in engulfment, pseudopods surround and form________
phagosome
phagosome maturation and phagolysosome
mature phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
destruction and digestion: ________ and ________ produced
Toxic ROS and nitric oxide
in destruction and digestion, pH increases or decreases?
Decreases
In destruction and digestion, ________ binds to iron
Lactoferrin
Exocytosis
vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic membrane, expel remains
Macrophages are important ________ cells
sentinel
macrophages ________ other immune cells
Alert
Macrophages ________ dead cells, debris, destroy invaders
Phagocytisze
________ are always present in tissues and are replaces by monocytes
macrophages
Activated macrophages are a response to ________ and ________
Cytokine activation and TLR response
________ macrophages have great killing power
M1
________ macrophages help resolve inflammation and promote tissue healing
M2
What three cells forms granulomas/
macrophages, giant cells, T cells
If macrophages are insufficient, what forms?
giant cells
________ can become a hard nodule to drain
Granulomas
