Lecture 15 Vaccines 3.0 Flashcards
Immunization is the process of ________ immunity
inducing
Naturally acquired immunity
gained through illness
Artificially acquired immunity
Gained through immunization
________ immunity results from exposure to antigen
Active
in active immunity, ________ are activated and ________ cells provide long term protection
Lymphocytes, memory
Active immunity is natural by infection but ________ through vaccination
passive
Passive immunity results from
addition of other’s antibodies
Passive immunity causes ________ protection, no memory cells formed
Temporary
Mother’s IgG antibodies cross placent, breast milk contains IgA
examples of what immunity
Natural passive
artificial passive immunity is the injection of ________ containing antibodies
Antiserum
artificial passive immunity does what to duration of diseases?
limits
Artificial passive immunity blocks action of ________
Microbial toxins
hyperimmune globulin
Antibodies to specific disease
immune globulin
IgG fraction from many donors, variety of antibodies
Monoclonal antibody
Therapeutics
vaccines is a preparation of pathogen use to induce ________ immunity
active
What is herd immunity
More then 75% of population is immune to disease so virus isn’t able to spread
Live attenuated vaccines
- agent
- immune response
- risks
agent can replication
stronger
may cause disease
inactivated vaccines
- agent
- immune response
- risks
agent cannot replicate
weaker immune response
cannot cause infection
Attenuated vaccine is a ________ form of pathogen
weakened
attenuated vaccine pathogen is grown to foster ________
mutations
advantage of attenuated vaccine: single dose induces ________ immunity due to microbe multiplying in body
long lasting
If the attenuated vaccine pathogen spreads, what happens?
can immunize others
Disadvantages of attenuated vaccines
Can caused disease in immunosuppressed people
can become pathogenic
not for pregnant women
requires fridge
Measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, yellow fever, rotavirus are ________ vaccines
attenuated
inactivated vaccines are unable to replicate but are still ________
immunogenic
Advantage of inactivated vaccine
can’t cause infection or become pathogenic
Disadvantage of inactivated vaccien
Boosters required
inactivated vaccines contain ________
adjuvant
what is adjuvant
ingredient in vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response
- causes more local reactions and body reactions
adjuvants provide signals to ________ cells through ________ activation
dendritic cells, TLRs
Adjuvants can trigger ________ response and hold antigen and release it slowly over time
inflammatory
Inactivated whole agent vaccines contain ________ microorganisms or inactive virus
killed
Inactivated whole agent vaccines are treated with ________ that does not change surface epitome
Formalin
Influence, rabies, hep A are what type of vaccine
Inactivated whole agent
in toxoid vaccines, toxins are treated to destroy toxic part, retains________
antigenic epitopes
diptheria, tetanus is what type of vaccine
toxoid
subunit vaccines consist key ________ from pathogen
protein antigens or fragments
Subunit vaccines avoid cell parts that ________
cause side effects
Acellular pertussis vaccine is what type
Subunit
recombinant subunit vaccines produced using ______ microorganisms
genetically engineered
Hep B is what type of vaccine
Recombinant subunit
Virus like particle vaccines (VLP) empty ________ produced by genetically engineering organisms
capsid
HPV vaccine is what type?
VLP
Polysaccharide vaccines contain polysaccharide from ________
capsules
________ vaccines are not effective in young kids
Polysaccharide vaccines
polysaccharides are ________ antigens which elicit poor response in kids
T-independent
Pneumococcal vaccine is what type of vaccine
Polysaccharide
conjugate vaccines are
polysaccharides linked to proteins
Conjugate vaccines convert polysaccharides to ________
T-dependent antigens
Nucleic acid based vaccines is segments of ________ from infectious agent
Naked DNA or RNA
Nucleic acid based vaccine cells express genes ________ injections
For some time after
For COVID, what is the best vaccine?
mRNA
mRNA vaccines
injected mRNA stimulates dendritic cells via ________ to secrete TNF-alpha and IL6
RNA specific toll-like receptors
mRNA vaccines
expresses co-stimulatory molecules to activate ________ cells
Th
mRNA vaccines
Express antigen in context of ________ molecules
MHC Class I
mRNA vaccines
________ cells react with cognate class I molecules giving rise to ________ response
CD8+ T-cells, Tc
mRna vaccines
some target protein escapes and binds to ________ receptors
B cell
________ immunity is not better than immunization
Natural
mRNA vaccines
Th cells specific for target antigen stimulate ________ cells expressing target protein in context of class II molecules
leads to b-cell ________ and differentiation into ________ cells and production of antibody
Th
proliferation
