Lecture 17 Epidemiology Flashcards
What is puerperal fever?
bacterial infection of utuerus
How did women get puerperal fever?
From delivering babies and not washing hands
What causes puerperal fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Attack rate
Percentage of people who become ill after exposure to infectious agent
_____ reflects infectious dose
Attack rate
Incidence
Measure of frequency which which new cases of illness occurs among a population during a specified period
_______ measures risk of an individual contracting a disease
incidence
prevalence
total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population
morbidity
incidence of disease in a population
Mortality
overall death rate in population
Case fatality rate
percent of population that dies from specific disease
Endemic disease
constantly present in population
Sporadic
few cases from time to time
epidemic
unusually large number of cases
outbreak
group of cases at specific time and population
Pandemic
global
Reservoir of infection
natural habitat of pathogen
Pathogen is easier to control if
humans are only reservoir
zoonoses exist is ______
animals
zoonoses can be transmitted to ______
humans
environmental reservoirs are difficult to ______
eliminate
what are the portals of exit
intestinal tract, respiratory tract, skin, genital pathogens
vertical transmission
pregnant mother to fetus in utero
mother to infant during childbirth
breast feeding
horizontal transmission
person to person via air, physical contact, ingestion of food or water
direct transmission
immediate transfer of infectious agent to portal of entry
organisms with ______ infectious dose are transmitted by direct contact
low
aerosol droplet transmission can spread respiratory disease when
droplets are inhaled
airborne transmission causes respiratory disease by small droplets released when
talking, travel further than aerosal droplet
aerosol droplet nuclei
microbes attached to dried material that remain suspended
vehicle borne transmission
transmitted by objects, food, water
fomites
inanimate objects
vector-borne tranmission
living organism that can carry pathogen
Vectors are usually
arthropods: mosquitos, flies, ticks
mechanical vector
carries microbe on body from one location to location
biological vector
participates in life cycle of pathogen, provides a place for it to multiply
virulence
ability to cause disease
dose
number of pathogens introduced, minimum number of pathogens required to produce symptoms
incubcation period
influences extent of spread
immunity to pathogen is caused by
previous exposure, immunization
______ are less likely to update immunizations
elderly
______ are most likely to develop UTIs, this is because urethra is shorter
Women
how does breastfeeding affect infection
provides protective antibodies to infant
CDC publishes what report about labs, data, public health
Morbidity and Mortality weekly report (MMWR)
What does World Health Organization do?
Provides worldwide guidance, global standards for health, health technology, info about epidemics
emerging infectious disease
recently increased in incidence
Healthcare associated infectious
acquired while receiving treatment in hospital
one of top 10 causes of death in the US
______ infectious affect 5% of patients
hospital acquired nosocomial infections
gram ______ can thrive in sinks, ventilators, toilets
gram negative rods
CDC established ______ for healthcare-associated infections
healthcare infection control practices advisory committe (HICPAC)
NHSN
national healthcare safety network
tracks data, identifies problem areas, assesses progression
what is a focus on the future of bacteria
category A agents of bioterrorism
