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Microbiology > Lecture 16 Host Microbe Interactions > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Host Microbe Interactions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

Both partners benefit

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3
Q

What kind of symbiosis is this:
In large intestine, some bacteria synthesize vitamin K and B which host can absorb, bacteria are supplied with warmth, energy source

A

Mutualism

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

One partner benefits, other is UNHARMED

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits, other is HARMED

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6
Q

microbiome is different after what births?

A

Vaginal birth, caesarian birth

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7
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Imbalance in microbiome

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8
Q

Dysbiosis can be _____ induced

A

Antibiotic

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9
Q

Main benefit of microbiome

A

Protection against pathogens

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10
Q

When microbiome is suppressed (during antibiotics), pathogens may _____, cause disease

A

Colonize

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11
Q

Antibodies against normal microbiota may also bind to _____

A

Pathogens

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12
Q

Colonization

A

Microbe establishing itself and multiplying

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13
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of pathogen

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14
Q

Infection can be _____ or _____

A

Subclinical, infectious disease

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15
Q

Subclinical

A

No symptoms or mild symptoms

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16
Q

Infectious disease

A

Prevents normal function, damages host

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17
Q

Difference between infection and disease

A

Infection: First step, occurs when pathogen enters body and begins to multiply

Disease: cells in body are damaged as a result of infection, symptoms appear

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18
Q

_____ are subjective effects experienced by patient

A

Symptoms

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19
Q

_____ are objective evidence that can be observed/measured

A

Signs

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20
Q

Initial infection is called _____

A

Primary infection

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21
Q

Damage can predispose individual to developing a _____ infection

A

Secondary

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22
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of pathogen to cause disease

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23
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy individual

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24
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Microbe causes disease only when immune system is compromised

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25
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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26
Q

Virulence factors

A

Substances that allow microorganism to cause disease

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27
Q

Communicable disease

A

easily spread from one host to another

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28
Q

infectious dose

A

number of microbes necessary to establish infection

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29
Q

What does ID 50 mean?

A

Number of cells required to infect 50% of test animals

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30
Q

Incubation period

A

Time between infection and onset

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31
Q

Illness

A

Signs and symptoms of disease are prevalent

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32
Q

Prodomal

A

Vague symptoms

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33
Q

Convalescence

A

Recuperation, recovery from disease

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34
Q

Acute infections

A

Symptoms develop quickly, last a short time

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35
Q

What type of infection is strep throat

A

Acute infection

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36
Q

Chronic infection

A

Develop slowly, last for months or years

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37
Q

Latent infections

A

never completely eliminated, microbe exists in host tissues without causing symptoms

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38
Q

Chickenpox and tuberculosis are what type of infection

A

Latent infections

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39
Q

Staphylococcus is what type of infection

A

Localized

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40
Q

Systemic infection

A

Agent spread throughout body

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41
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria circulating in blood

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42
Q

_____ leads to sepsis

A

Bacterermia

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43
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins circulating in blood

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44
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses circulating in blood

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45
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

Microorganism must be present in every case of disease

organism must be grown in pure culture from diseased host

Same disease must be produced when pure culture is introduced into susceptible hosts

organisms must be recovered from experimentally infected host

46
Q

Limits of koch’s postulates

A

Some organisms can’t be grown in laboratory medium

infected individuals do not always have symptoms

Suitable animal hosts not always available for testing

humans may be only affected host species

47
Q

Molecular koch’s postulate

A

modern day version that takes into account limitations

Virulance factor gene is identified
mutating gene in vitro to disrupt function should reduce virulence
reversion or replacement of gene should restore virulence
can test on an appropriate animal model of infection

48
Q

Pathogens and hosts generally evolve towards _____

A

Balanced pathogenicity

49
Q

Balanced pathogenicity

A

Pathogen becomes less virulent while host becomes less susceptible

50
Q

Adherence

A

Adhesions attach to host cell receptor

51
Q

Adhesions are located where

A

Tips of fimbrae

52
Q

What is the binding of adhesions

A

Highly specific

53
Q

What happens after adhesion

A

Colonization and establishment of disease

54
Q

colonization and establishment of disease

microbe may produce _____ to bind iron
competes with _____, _____ of host

A

Siderophores

lactoferrin, transferrin

55
Q

colonization and establishment of disease

Microbe must avoid _______
rapid pili turnover, antigenic variation _______

A

secretory IgA
IgA protease

56
Q

Establishing an infection steps

A

Adherence
Colonization
Immune avoidance
Damage to host
Exit and infect new host

57
Q

delivering effector proteins to host cells
secretion systems in some gram _______

A

Gram negatives

58
Q

Delivering effector proteins in host cells

What type of secretion system

A

Type III

59
Q

effector proteins induce changes in _______

A

Cytoskeleton structure

60
Q

Pathogen induces _______ cells to engulf them via endocytosis

A

Non phagocytic

61
Q

Actin molecules in host cells rearrange, causing _______

A

membrane ruffling

62
Q

What is the entry point for most pathogens

A

Mucous membrane

63
Q

What process happens in mucous membranes

A

Exploiting antigen sampling processes

64
Q

in EASP, _______ samples material

A

MALT

65
Q

hiding within a host cell allows what?

A

avoidance of complement proteins, phagocytes, antibodies

66
Q

shigella directs transfer from intestinal epithelial cell to adjacent cells by causing host cell _______

A

actin polymerization

67
Q

What prevents encounters with phagocytes?

A

C5a peptidase

68
Q

What does C5a peptidase do?

A

degrades chemoattractant C5a

69
Q

What does membrane damaging toxins do?

A

kill phagocytes, other cells

70
Q

s. pyogenes makes _______

A

Streptolysin O

71
Q

Avoiding recognition and attachment

capsules interfere with _______, some bind host’s regulatory proteins that inactivate _______

A

Opsonization, C3b

72
Q

M protein

A

Cell wall of S. pyogenes that binds regulatory protein that prevents C3b inactivation

73
Q

Fc receptors

A

bind Fc region of antibodies, interfering with their function as opsonins

74
Q

What bacteria makes Fc receptors

A

S. Aureus

75
Q

Surviving within phagocytes allows pathogens to

A

Avoid antibodies, control immune responses, move throughout body

76
Q

escape from phagosome is prior to

A

lysis with lysosome

77
Q

Escape from phagosome:

A

Some pathogens escape phagosome before it fuses with lysosomes. The bacteria then multiple within cytoplasm and

78
Q

Preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion:

A

avoid destruction

79
Q

Survive within phagolysosome

A

Few can survive destructive environment in phagolysosome

80
Q

serum resistant bacteria: organism binds complement regulatory proteins to avoid _______

A

MAC

81
Q

Avoiding recognition by antibodies

_______ cleaves IgA
found in mucus, secretions

A

IgA protease

82
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Alter structure of surface antigens, stays ahead of antibody production

83
Q

Mimicking host molecules

A

Cover surface with molecules similar to those found in host cell, appear to be “self”

84
Q

Direct effects

A

Toxins produced

85
Q

Indirect effects

A

Immune response

86
Q

Damage may help pathogen to_______

A

Exit and spread

87
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins with specific damaging effects

88
Q

Exotoxins are secreted into tissue following _______

A

Bacterial lysis

89
Q

Most exotoxins destroyed by

A

Heating

90
Q

Toxoids

A

Inactived toxins

91
Q

Antitoxin

A

Suspension of neutralizing antibodies

92
Q

Neurotoxins

A

effect nervous system

93
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Cause intestinal disturbance

94
Q

cytotoxins

A

Damage variety of cell types

95
Q

A-B toxins

A

A subunit is toxic/active
B subunit binds to target cell

96
Q

What subunit determines cell type to be infected?

A

B subunit

97
Q

Membrane damaging toxins

A

Cytotoxins that disrupt eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes, lyse cells

98
Q

Pore-forming toxins

A

insert into membranes, form pores

99
Q

What is a pore forming toxin

A

Streptolysin O from streptococcus pyogenes

100
Q

Phospholipases

A

Hydrolyze phospholipids of membrane

101
Q

What is a phospholipase

A

A-toxin of clostridium perfingens

102
Q

Superantigens

A

Stimulate high number of Th cells, causing Cytokine stork

103
Q

Superantigens simultaneous bind _____ and _____-

A

MHC class II and T cell receptor

104
Q

Toxic effect is from ______

A

massive cytokine release

105
Q

Many antigens undergo ______ after superantigens, thereby suppresing the immune system

A

apoptosis

106
Q

Endotoxin is a ______ found in outer membrane of gram ______ cell wall

A

LPS, negative

107
Q

______ triggers inflammatory response

A

lipid A

108
Q

When lipid A is systemic, causes widespread response, ______

A

Septic shock

109
Q

______ is heat stable

A

Lipid A

110
Q

______ detects endotoxin

A

Limulus amoebocyte lysate

111
Q

Exotoxins from both gram negatives and positives are ______

A

potent, heat inactivated

112
Q

Endotoxins from gram negatives are ______

A

heat stable

Microbiology (16 decks)

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