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AU2017 Gen Path Exam 3 > Lecture 6- Endocrine pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Endocrine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

the …. is the master gland because it controls most other endocrine glands. it is located in the sella turcica, is the size of a pea and has 2 lobes

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A 
GH 
TSH
PRL
ACTH
FSH
LH
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3
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin

ADH

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4
Q

hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary is almost always associated with…

A

adenoma

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5
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A

nonfunctional pituitary adenoma

postpartum ischemic necrosis (need 75%)

ablation/destruction by surgery, radiation or adjacent tumor

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6
Q

hypofunction in GH causes

A

dwarfism

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7
Q

hypofunction in gonadotropin causes

A

amenorrhea/infertility in women

decreased libido, impotence, lack of pubic hair in men

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8
Q

hypofunction of prolactin causes

A

no post-partum lactation

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9
Q

hypofunction of TSH causes

A

hypothyroidism

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10
Q

hypofunction of ACTH causes

A

hypoadrenalism

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11
Q

… and … is caused by an adenoma in the anterior lobe of the pituitary that secretes GH

A

gigantism

acromegaly

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12
Q

gigantism occurs before or after the closure of the epiphyseal plates in the long bones?

A

before

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13
Q

what are the clinical features of gigantism

A

generalized increase in size of body

arms and legs are disproportionately long

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14
Q

tx and prognosis for gigantism

A

surgical removal of adenoma

fair to good

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15
Q

acromegaly occurs before or after the closure epiphyseal plates in the long bones?

A

after

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16
Q

clinical features of acromegaly

A

enlarged bones of hand, feet and face

prognathism, diastema

HTN, CHF

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17
Q

tx of acromegaly

A

surgical removal of adenoma

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18
Q

prognosis for acromegaly?

A

guarded due to complications of HTN and CHF

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19
Q

causes of dwarfism

A

failure of pit gland to produce GH

lack of response to GH by patients tissues

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20
Q

clinical features of dwarfism

A

short stature

small jaws and teeth

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21
Q

tx and prognosis of dwarfism

A

hormone replacement therapy

good

22
Q

the thyroid gland develops from an invagination of …. which arises at the base of the tongue in the region of the …

A

endoderm

foramen cecum

23
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

diffuse toxic hyperplasia (graves disease)

24
Q

other causes of hyperthyroidism

A

hyperfunctional multinodular goiter

hyperfunctional thyroid adenoma

TSH-ecreting pituitary adenoma (rare)

25
Q

dx of hyperthyroidism

A

elevated TH and decreased TSH

26
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

hypermobility

GI hypermobility-malabsorption/diarrhea

tachycardia

nervousness/tremor

exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

excessive sweating/ heat intolerance

weight loss despite increased appetitie

27
Q

… is a sudden onset of severe hyperthyroidism and is usually triggered by stress. patients usually die of cardiac arrhythmias if untreated

A

thyroid storm

28
Q

tx of hyperthyroidism ?

A

depends on cause

reactive iodine can be used to destroy overactive thyroid tissue

29
Q

graves disease (diffuse toxic hyperplasia) has a … predominance, is common and is an autoimmune disease with a significant … component

A

female

genetic

30
Q

pretibial myxedema is present in…

A

Graves disease

31
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A

ablation by surgery or radiation therapy

hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimminue)

iodine deficiency

32
Q

hypothyroidism can either present as … or …

A

cretinism (children)

myxedema (adults)

33
Q

clinical features of cretinism

A

impaired development of skeletal and CNS

short stature

severe mental retardation

protruding tongue

34
Q

clinical features of myxedema

A

generalized apathy

mental sluggishness (mimics depression)

obesity

cold intolerance

enlarged tongue

35
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis has a … predominance, seen in …. and has a significant

A

female

older

genetic

36
Q

with hypothyroidism, patients are at risk for other autoimmune diseases and …

A

B cell non hodgkin lymphomas

37
Q

most common of thyroid cancers? (>85%)

more common in women or men?

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma

women

38
Q

some cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma is related to radiation exposure and many have mutations in ….

A

RET proto-oncogene

39
Q

pathology of papillary thyroid carcinoma

A

papillary projections

nuclear clearing- orphan annie nuclei

nuclear grooves

40
Q

papillary thyroid carcinomas are …. and have a 10 year survival rate of …%

A

indolent

95%

41
Q

in follicular thyroid carcinoma what must you see?

A

invasion through the capsule or into the blood vessels

42
Q

2nd most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

follicular thyroid carcinoma

43
Q

follicular thyroid carcinoma may resemble

A

follicular adenoma

44
Q

T/F patients are usually older with papillary thyroid carcinoma than follicular thyroid carcinoma

A

false

45
Q

…. … carcinoma is uncommon (5% of thyroid cancers) and is derived from parafollicular (C) cells. may be sporadic or familial (MEN syndromes)

A

medullary thyroid

46
Q

all medullary thyroid carcinomas have mutation in

A

RET proto-oncogene

47
Q

in medullary thyroid carcinoma you see increased serum…

A

calcitonin

48
Q

serum TSH in hypothyroidism

A

increased in primary due to loss of feedback inhibition

not increased in cases caused by primary hypothalamic or pituitary dz

49
Q

T/F thyroid nodules are common

A

true

50
Q

most nodules of the thyroid are non-neoplastic. ….% are carcinomas and nodules in … and … patients are more likely to be neoplastic

A

1%

males

young

51
Q

there is an increase risk for thyroid neoplasms with radiation exposure in the first…

A

2 decades

52
Q

… accounts for 5-15% of thyroid cancers and usually patient is older than in papillary thyroid cancer. Occurs in areas with iodine deficiency and may resemble adenoma with a discrete capsule

A

follicular carcinoma

AU2017 Gen Path Exam 3 (12 decks)

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