Lecture 4- Genitourinary pathology Flashcards
the most common malformations of the penis includ abnormalities in location of the …
distal urethral orifice
… refers to an abnormal opening of the urethra along ventral aspect of penis. occurs in 1 out of …. live male births. The opening may be restricted and lead to an increased risk of UTIs
hypospadias
300
… refers to an urethral opening on the dorsal aspect of the penis. This abnormality is less common but also exhibits an increased prevalence of UTIs in addition to predisposition to urinary incontinence
epispadias
Bowen disease is a synonym for … of the penis
carcinoma in-situ
the clinical significance of carcinoma in situ is the potential progression to invasive…
squamous cell carcinoma
… is the incomplete descent of the testis from the abdomen to the scrotum. It occurs in …% of male babies, it may be uni- or bilateral and if left untreated can lead to…
cryptorchidism
1
sterility
cryptorchidism is associated with a …. increased risk for testicular cancer manifesting as intratubular germ cell neoplasia developing within the atrophic tubules
3-5x
… is the surgical placement of the testes into the scrotum before puberty and it reduces the risk of sterility and cancer but doesnt eliminate it
orchiopexy
peak incidence age of testicular neoplasms
15-34
testicular neoplasms is the most common cause of …
painless testicular enlargement
approximately 95% of testicular neoplasms arise from …. with almost all being malignant and 5% arise from …. and are generally benign
germ cells
sertoli or leydig cells (sex cord-stromal tumors)
germ cell tumors are divided into 2 groups:
seminomas
non-seminomatous
…. germ cell tumors arise from the epithelium of the semineferous tubules and remain localized for long periods of time. they may spread through lymphatics. they respond well to chemotheraphy and are extremely radiosensitive. therefore, they are on of the most curable cancers
seminomas
…. germ cell tumors spread earlier, are less radiosensitive and utilize the hematogenous and lymphatic routes, with the lungs and liver often involved at the time of diagnosis
non-seminomatous
…% of early stage seminomas are cured
95
…% of pts with nonseminomatous tumors achieve remission with chemo, most are cured
90
… of the prostate refers to hyperplastic enlargement of the prostate often associated with urinary symptoms. It is EXTREMELY common, affecting …% of men at age 40 and …% of men at age 80
nodular hyperplasia
20%
95%
most common cancer of men over age 50 in the US?
carcinoma of the prostate
which is more readily detectable by exam: benign prostatic hyperplasia or carcinoma of the prostate?
carcinoma of the prostate because it is on the posterior aspect
… represents a useful marker in the management of prostate cancer but is elevated in both normal prostates and those affected by cancer, prostatitis, or nodular hyperplasia
PSA (prostate speicifc antigen)
…. is a chronic infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
syphilis
syphilis is 30x more common in
african americans
transmission for syphilis?
direct contact with cutaneous or mucosal lesions during early (primary or secondary) stages; highly infectious
the histopathologic hallmark for syphillis is a ….. associated with obliterative endarteritis, a specific type of vasculitis
lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate
primary syphilis is characterized by the painless…. which arises at the site of entry …. days after exposure
chancre
9-90 (mean is 21)
sites of chancre from syphilis?
females-vulva, cervix
males-glans penis
lips, fingers, oropharynx and anus are other possible sites
in …% of patients that are untreated for syphilis, healing of the chancre is followed within 2 months by secondary syphilis
25
secondary syphilis presents with generalized…. combines with widespread…. that are maculopapular, scaly or pustular and even involve palms and soles
lymph node enlargement
mucutaneous lesions
condyloma lata occurs in
secondary syphilis
secondary syphilis can resolve over several weeks and enter the … phase and if left untreated …. of patients develop tertiary syphilis in … to… years
latent
1/3
5-20
3 characterisitics of tertiary syphilis affects
aortitis
neurosyphilis
gumma
a historically famous pattern of congenital syphilis is called hutchinsons triad and consists of …
- interstitial keratitis
- hutchinsons teeth (notched incisors/mulberry molars)
- 8th cranial nerve deafness
3 patterns of congenital syphilis
stillbirth
infantile syphilis
late congenital syphilis
Gonorrhea: … % of males are asymptomatic and …% of females are asymptomatic
40
80
condyloma acuminatum is associated with …
HPV 6 and 11
beneficial tumor markers in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
diagnosis of herpes: exfoliative cytology or biopsy showing …
viral cytopathic effect
ballooning degeneration of epithelial cells with large, multinucleate “Tzanck cells”
… is a significant manifestation of chlamydial infection. It is an immune-mediate process that develops in response to GU or GI infections and predominates in patients who are HLA-B27 positive.
Reactive arthritis (reiter syndrome)
Reactive arthritis (reiter syndrome) typical presents as a combination of….
urethritis/cervicitis
arthritis
conjunctivits
mucutaneous lesions
