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Year 1: 05. Neuro Exam 1 > Lecture 6: Embryology of Pharyngeal Apparatus > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Embryology of Pharyngeal Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

What does a pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A
  • Pharyngeal Arches
  • Pharyngeal Pouches (internal structure - endoderm)
  • Pharyngeal Grooves/Clefts (ectoderm)
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2
Q

What is the embryological origin of phayngreal arches?

A

Neural Crest Cells

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3
Q

What pharyngeal arch do the primordial jaws arise from?

A

1st Pharyngeal Arch

Neural Crest Cell

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4
Q

What germ layer(s) contribue to the core of a pharyngeal arch?

What germ layer(s) externally cover the pharyngeal arch?

A
  • *Core:** Mesoderm and Mesenchyme (migratory NCC)
  • *Cover:** Ectoderm and Endoderm
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5
Q

What is the function of pharyngeal arches?

A
  1. Support lateral walls of primordial pharynx
  2. Give rise to prominences of tissue that contribue to craniofacial development
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6
Q

What germ layer plays an essential role in regulation the development of arches?

A

Pharyngeal Endoderm

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7
Q

What germ layer gives rise to facial muscles?

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

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8
Q

What germ layer gives rise to endothelium?

A

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

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9
Q

What germ layer gives rise to extraocular muscles?

A

Prechordal Plate Mesoderm

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10
Q

What structures will a typical pharyngeal arch contain?

A
  • Cartilagenous Rod: skeletal elements
  • Muscular Component: Paraxial and Prechordal derived
  • Cranial Nerves: sensory and/or motor components
  • Artery: from truncus arteriosus
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11
Q

What pharyngeal arch does Meckel’s cartilage arise from?

A

Pharyngeal Arch 1

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12
Q

What does the dorsal part of Meckel’s cartilage form?

What germ layer do these structures arise from?

A

Malleus and Incus bones

Neural Crest Cells

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13
Q

What does the perichondrium of Meckel’s cartilage form?

A

Anterior ligament of Malleus bone

Sphenomandibular Ligament

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14
Q

What does the ventral side of Meckel’s cartilage give rise to?

A

Primordium of mandible (transient structure)

Proper mandible will form laterally to it while Meckel’s cartilage disintegrates

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15
Q

What is the cartilage of Pharyngeal Arch 2?

A

Riechert’s cartilage

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16
Q

What does the dorsal part of Riechert’s cartilage form?

A

Stapes

Styloid Process of the Temporal Bone

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17
Q

What arises from the ventral end of Riechert’s cartilage?

A

Lesser cornu/horn of Hyoid bone

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18
Q

What arises from the perichondrium of the Riechert’s cartilage?

A

Stylohyoid L.

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19
Q

What does the 3rd Pharnygeal cartilage give rise to?

A

Greater horn/cornu of hyoid bone

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20
Q

What does the hypopharyngeal eminence give rise to?

What PAs does it arise from?

A

Body of hyoid bone

Arises from Pharyngeal Arches 3 and 4: floor of embryonic pharanyx

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21
Q

What pharyngeal arches do the laryngeal cartilages come from?

A

Pharyngeal Arches 4 and 6

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22
Q

What pharyngeal arches do the epiglottis come from?

A

Pharyngeal Arch 4

23
Q

Where does the aoritc arch system arise from?

A

Aortic Sac

24
Q

What muscles does the 1<span>st</span> pharyngeal arch give rise to?

What is it innervated by?

A

Muscles of Mastication (4)

Cranial Nerve V3

25
Q

What muscles do the 2nd pharygneal arch give rise to?

What is it innervated by?

A
  • Stapedius
  • Muscles of Facial Expression

Cranial Nerve VII

26
Q

What muscle does the 3rd Pharyngeal Arch give rise to?

What is it innervated by?

A

Stylopharyngeus Muscle

Cranial Nerve IX

27
Q

What muscles do the 4th pharygneal arch give rise to?

What is it innervated by?

A
  • Cricothyroid M.
  • Levator veli palatini M.
  • Pharyngeal constrictor ms.

Cranial Nerve X

28
Q

What muscles do the 6th pharygneal arch give rise to?

What is it innervated by?

A

Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx

Cranial Nerve X

29
Q

What is the embryological origin of the External Acoustic Meatus?

A

1st Pharyngeal Groove

Ectoderm

30
Q

What grooves lie in the cervical sinus?

A

Grooves 2-4

31
Q

What is the fate of pharyngeal grooves 2-4?

A

Obliterated in Week 7

32
Q

What pharyngeal arch is a cervical/branchial cyst most likely to be a remnant of?

A

Pharyngeal Arch 2

  • Slowly enlarging, painless, free-lying cyst in neck
    • Inferior to neck
  • Accumulation of fluid and cellular debris
33
Q

How does the cervical sinus remant develop?

A

2nd PA groove and cervical sinus fail to obliterate

  • Mucus discharge noted
  • Typically bilateral
34
Q

How does the cervical sinus remant develop?

A

Persistence of 2nd PA groove and pouch

  • Opens into tonsillar sinus in side of neck
35
Q

What initiates formation of double-layered pharyngeal membranes?

A

Pouch endoderm contacts ectoderm of pharyngeal grooves

36
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Tympanic Membrane?

A

1st Pharyngeal Membrane

Mesenchyme

37
Q

What structures are developed from 1<span>st</span> pharyngeal pouch?

A
  • Tubotympanic Recess —-> Pharyngotympanic Tube
    • Tympanic Cavity
    • Mastoid Antrum
  • Tympanic Membrane
38
Q

What structures are developed from 2<span>nd</span> pharyngeal pouch?

A

Tonsillar Sinus

39
Q

Around week 20, mesenchyme of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch will differentiate into what tissue?

A

Lymphoid tissue

40
Q

What structures are developed from 3r<span>d</span> pharyngeal pouch?

A

Inferior Parathyroid Gland

Thymus (ventral portion)

41
Q

What structures are developed from 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

Superior Parathyroid Gland

Ultimobranchial body (NCC)

42
Q

What does the ultimopharyngeal body give rise to?

A

Parafollicular cells

(fuses with thyroid gland and disseminates)

43
Q

What is the origin of the thymus?

A

3rd Pharyngeal Pouch

endoderm

44
Q

What is the origin of the thyroid gland?

A

Endodermal thickening of Primordial Pharnyx

45
Q

What structure connects the fetal tongue to the developing thyroid gland?

A

Thyroglossal duct

Transient

46
Q

What is the direct embryological origin of the foramen cecum?

A

Thyroglossal duct

47
Q

Abnormal migration of NCC into the 1st pharyngeal arch can cause what facial features to be malformed?

A

Eyes, ears, mandible, palate

48
Q

What autosomal dominant disorder leads to malar hypoplasia, deformed external ears and down-slanting palpebral fissures?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome (Mandibulofacial dysostosis)

49
Q

Mutation in the what gene causes Treacher-Collin’s sydrome? What does the mutation result in?

A

TCOF1

Cannot make TREACLE protein, involved in ribosome biogenesis, leads to increased apoptosis of cranial NCCs

50
Q

What is the Pierre Robin Sequence?

A
  1. Small mandible (Micrognathia) =>
  2. Posterior displacement of the tongue => Obstruction of full closure of palate =>
  3. Bilateral cleft palate
51
Q

Patients with Pierre Robin sequence likely had a defect in development of what embryonic structure?

A

1st PA

52
Q

In thyroid hemiagenesis, what lobe is more commonly absent?

A

Left Lobe

53
Q

A patient with agenesis of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, shortened philtrum of the upper lip, low-set ears, nasal cleft, and a heart murmur may have what disorder?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

54
Q

What is the pathology behind Digeorge Syndrome?

A

Breakdown of signaling from pharyngreal arch endoderm to Neural crest cells

Year 1: 05. Neuro Exam 1 (26 decks)

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