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NURS-204 > Lecture 6: Culture & Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Culture & Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Transcultural Nursing

A
  • This theory helps us understand how we can work with patients of a different culture
  • Patients are more likely to follow recommendations for health when caregivers understand & respect their cultural norms
  • Recognizes the similarities/differences b/w your own culture and others (e.g. swaddling babies, co sleeping, schizophrenia)
  • We should provide Culturally
    congruent care: congruent w the pt’s values, beliefs, ways of being (platinum rule)
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2
Q

Human Diversity

A

Potential for misunderstanding and conflict (potential for discrimination), stemming from different ways we make sense of the world and how we share that sense with others

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3
Q

Our 5 Main Differences

A
  1. Sex
  2. Gender
  3. Age
  4. Social Class
  5. Race & Ethnicity
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4
Q

Sex

A

Determined by biology
Comprised of DNA, hormones, genitalia, reproductive organs (tells us a/b body parts)

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5
Q

Gender

A

The way a person identifies themselves - A sense of being a man, woman, non binary or any gender (involves gender roles & expectations)
Includes: Gender expression; Sexual orientation; + Assigned gender at birth

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6
Q

Gender Expression

A

the way a person outwardly expresses their gender (feminine, masculine, both, or neither) through clothing, makeup, hair, & body language)

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7
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

a person’s natural attraction to others or to no one

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8
Q

Assigned Gender at Birth

A

refers to the gender you are assigned at birth based on your body parts

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9
Q

Generation

A

a society wide peer group born over a period of roughly the same length as the passage from youth to adulthood who commonly possess a common persona (e.g. Boomers, Millennials, Gen Z)

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10
Q

Social Class

A

a person’s perceived status, influence, authority, and power based on economic, educational, and family history

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11
Q

Cues we use to Identify Different Social Classes

A
  • Way of life
  • Family
  • Job
  • Money
  • Education
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12
Q

Race

A

typically based on visible physiological attributes such as skin colour, body type, hair colour/texture, and facial attributes
(there are many genetic variations within any racial category)

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13
Q

Ethnicity

A

*Ethnicity is related BUT different than race
Is a group of people who identify with one another based on a shared culture that may/may not include race
Ethnicity is a common origin or culture based on shared activities and identity related to some mixture of race, religion, language, +/or ancestry

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14
Q

Colorblindness

A

the process by which a person attempts to ignore the existence of race or skin colour in an attempt to see past the race and just see the person

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15
Q

Refugee Claimants (asylum seeker)

A

A person who was forced out of 1 country and came to Canada asking for a safe haven due to a dire situation

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16
Q

Refugee

A

Allowed to stay in Canada and can apply to become permanent residents (1st need to meet 2 criteria: well founded fear of persecution, and a risk to life/cruel treatment-aka torture)

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17
Q

Resettled Refugees

A

unlike asylum seekers… they are screened abroad before they come to Canada and enjoy the same benefits as refugees

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18
Q

The most obvious form of human diversity is?

A

Gender

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19
Q

Culture

A

A learned system of knowledge, behaviours, traditions, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people

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20
Q

Culture Shock

A

feelings of stress and anxiety a person has when encountering a culture different from their oown

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21
Q

World-View

A

Your culture and life experiences determine your worldview
(the general cultural perspective on key issues: Death, God, meaning of life)

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22
Q

Co-Culture

A

A distinct culture within a culture (micro-culture)

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23
Q

Lutherans, Baptists, and Methodists all belong to the same broad religious group called Christianity. What concept does this exemplify?

A

Co-Cultures

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24
Q

Enculturation

A

the process of transmitting a groups culture from 1 generation to the next (storytelling, association by example)
Passed from those within that culture (parents, brothers, sisters, or grandparents)

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25
Q

Acculturation

A

*related concept to enculturation
How people learn from the new host culture. We acquire other approaches, beliefs, & values by coming into contact with other cultures

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26
Q

When your parents teach you how to eat with chopsticks this is ____?

A

Enculturation

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27
Q

When a nursing teacher shows how to document in the nurses’ notes this is ____?

A

Acculturation

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28
Q

7 Cultural Dimensions

A
  1. Individualism vs Collectivism
  2. Surrounding context (non-verbal’s) vs little emphasis on context
  3. Masculine values (accomplishment) vs Feminine values (nurturing)
  4. Degree of tolerance for uncertainty
  5. Approaches to power
  6. Short/long-term approaches to time
  7. Indulgence vs Restraint
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29
Q

Individualistic Cultures

A

Individuals feel responsible for taking care of themselves & their immediate families = focused on rights and concerns of each person (North America & Europe)
Value: freedom and personal achievement; social recognition = rewards based on individual efforts

30
Q

Collectivistic Cultures

A

Value group and team achievements and strive to attain goals for all members of the fam, group, or community (Asian & Indigenous)
Value: the “We” more than the “I” & are comfortable in vertical relationships (avoid showing favoritism)

31
Q

High Context Cultures

A

Nonverbal cues are extremely important = derive much info from nonverbal and environmental cues
- they prefer oral communication so they can see the nonverbal cues
- Asian, Arab, African cultures

32
Q

Low Context Cultures

A

More emphasis on explicitly spoken language and less on contextual cues to send and interpret info
- prefer written communication and are not as skilled in interpreting unspoken contextual messages
- Swiss, German, American

33
Q

People from Masculine Focused cultures:

A
  • value traditional male/female roles
  • value achievement, assertiveness, heroism, and material wealth
  • use communication to exchange info
  • base relationships on sharing activities vs talking
34
Q

People from Feminine Focused Cultures

A
  • value relationships, caring for the less fortunate, & sensitive toward others
  • use communication for the purpose of relating to others
  • talking is less a/b content and more a/b talking = there is a relationship
35
Q

Gender Pay Gap

A

the difference in average earnings of people based on their gender

36
Q

Low Uncertainty Tolerance

A

people from cultures where they need to feel certain or secure are more likely to create and enforce rigid rules for behaviour and more elaborate codes of conduct
- they don’t like change, get nervous/stressed/ + attempt to control the environment when there is uncertainty
- Portugal, Greece, Belgium, Japan

37
Q

High Uncertainty Tolerance

A

People from cultures with a greater tolerance for uncertainty have a more relaxed, informal expectations for others.
- “go with the flow”
- Scandinavian countries

38
Q

Centralized Hierarchical Power

A

Hierarchy is common and people expect some people to have more power than others (large gaps in compensation, authority, & respect)
- Russia, France, China

39
Q

Equal/Decentralized Power Distribution

A

Greater equality and distribution of power and control (supervisors & employees are considered almost as equals)
- Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Israel

40
Q

Long Term Orientation

A

(future oriented, greater good)
Places emphasis on the future good for society/self and tend to value perseverance and thrift (implies a greater willingness to subordinate oneself for a larger purpose)
- China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan

41
Q

Short Term Orientation

A

(Value present)
Values spending rather than saving, upholding dignity and respect for the individual, & places high value on social/status obligations (expect that results will quickly follow actions)
- Canada, States, Pakistan, Nigeria, Spain

42
Q

Indulgent Cultures

A

Cultures focus on behaviours that make them happy
Desire and expect freedom and happiness & value freedom of speech and place a high value on leisure activities and sports
- USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil

43
Q

Restrained Cultures

A

Restrained cultures do not necessarily expect to have all of their needs met to achieve happiness
Less likely to remember positive emotions & have fewer expectations a/b participating in leisure activities (like sports)
- Russia, China, much of Eastern Europe

44
Q

In your culture, you have come to realize that people place more value on facial expressions and tone of voice than they do on the actual words being spoken. What type of culture does this represent?

A

A High-Context Culture

45
Q

We need to tolerate ambiguity in intercultural communication because?
a) individuals from that culture will be more tolerant
b) communicating with someone from another culture produces uncertainty
c) most of out communication is ambiguous
d) different cultures have no similarities

A

b) communicating with someone from another culture produces uncertainty

46
Q

Strategies to improve intercultural communication skills

A

Develop Knowledge
Developing Motivation
Developing Skills

47
Q

Strategies to Accept Others

A

Tolerate Ambiguity
Be Mindful
Avoid Negative Judgements

48
Q

Social Decentering

A

Cognitive process: consider other’s thoughts, values, background, & perspectives. There are 3 ways to do this:
- think a/b how you responded in a similar situation
- think a/b what you know a/b the other
- think a/b how most people would behave & feel in the situation

49
Q

Empathizing

A

responding emotionally to another’s feelings and thoughts

50
Q

Platinum Rule

A

The ultimate other-oriented behaviour.
“Do to others as they themselves would like to be treated” rather than treating others as you want to be treated (golden rule)

51
Q

Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication

A
  • Culture shock
  • Ethnocentrisms
  • Translations & Interpretations
  • Stereotypes
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
  • Restricted Codes
52
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

A belief that your culture is superior to others (aka the opposite of being other-centered)
“A society’s foundational beliefs and “ways” of seeing/doing things, & is manifested in organization, institutions, systems (including education) and policies/laws” (e.g. Colonialism)

53
Q

Core Components that drive communication adjustments

A

1) Convergence= match communication styles
2) Divergence= process of accentuating the differences in our communication/language styles

54
Q

Stereotypes

A

Can be positive or negative, conscious or unconscious inferences about a social group placing people in an inflexible category
* “all statements”- All Canadians play hockey…All (insert) are liars
* Don’t consider the uniqueness of each person
* Stereotyping Often leads to prejudice and discrimination

55
Q

Prejudice

A

Unjustifiable and negative attitudes/stereotypes toward a person or group based on reinforced misinformation

56
Q

Discrimination

A

– Often a result of prejudice and displayed in your actions
- Negative, destructive, exclusionary behavior towards a person or group
- Denies individuals or groups access to power.
- Discriminate based on variety of reasons: ethnicity, culture, race, skin color, language, accent, or religion

57
Q

Why Were Residential Schools Opened?

A

The purpose was to assimilate First Nations children into White Canadian society & disconnect from their own culture

58
Q

How long were Residential Schools in Operation? (specifically in Saskatchewan)

A

1874-1996 = 122 years!!
20 Residential Schools in Sask
Last one: Gordon Indian Residential School closed in 1996

59
Q

Chanie “Charlie” Wenjack

A

Attended Cecilia Residential school in 1966
Died due to the residential school system
Residential schools have been called cultural genocide
More than 150,000 children were forced to go to the Indian Residential Schools & 1000s died

60
Q

Health Implications for Indigenous People

A
  • “Research” at Residential Schools: vaccine/nutritional experiments done on children without consent
    • Inadequate Living Conditions: overcrowding, low-quality housing, poor living conditions, lack of access to clean water = high rates of respiratory infections & TB
    • 60s Scoop Govnment Policy: Indigenous kids adopted out to non-Indigenous families by social service agencies = loss of culture
61
Q

When Harry met Sally, he found out she was Catholic. Harry says, “My grandmother always told me Catholics have many children. Do you have a lot of brothers and sisters?” With this comment Harry is demonstrating which communication barrier:
a) Stereotyping
b) Ethnocentrisms
c) Small talk
d) Mindfulness

A

a) Stereotyping

62
Q

A Nurse who is Culturally Competent has…

A

The knowledge, motivation, & skills to adapt nursing care to cultural similarities/differences
- Culturally safe = considers the patient’s preferred language & religion

63
Q

According to our textbook, what is the first strategy one should use to improve intercultural communication?
a) Educate yourself about common barriers
b) Learn, ask questions, and listen
c) Adapt and focus on others
d) Build self awareness

A

b) Learn, ask questions, & listen

64
Q

You know the communication skill that helps our clients to be resilient, be hopeful and find purpose or meaning from an experience is: Choose the Best Answer
a)Interpreting /Reframing
b)Logical consequences
c) Reflecting meaning
d)Feedback
e)Self- reflection

A

a) Interpreting/Reframing

65
Q

You and your N204 peer developed a secret handshake while working with one another in your N204 lab. This is an example of?

A

An Emblem

66
Q

Your manager tells you if you can get all your patients discharged by noon today, they would give you a 50$ gift card to Starbucks. What source of power does this demonstrate?

A

Reward power

67
Q

The “communication as action” or the “message transfer model” can be described as _________?

A

The transferring of meaning from a source to a receiver

68
Q

Elizabeth is in the observer role during the NURS 204 lab. She noted the interviewers tended to solve the problem for the client before fully hearing the story. During the debrief Elizabeth wants to bring up this observation, but then she starts to think about her own needs and what she will buy for lunch after the lab. What listening barrier most impacted Elizabeth?

A

Self-Absorption

69
Q

Which type of speech tends to describe and evaluate others in terms of extremes?

A

Polarizing (either they really like you or really don’t)

70
Q

___________ are the things that words represent

A

Referents

NURS-204 (8 decks)

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