Lecture 4: Perception, Listening, + Responding Flashcards
Intergenerational Trauma:
Self-destructive behaviour patterns transmitted to family (depression, anxiety, avoidance, violence, suicide, addictions)
*Residential schools affected whole communities
Impact of systemic racism on Indigenous population and patient health
- Inadequate living conditions
- Substandard health care
- Colonial policies
Perception
experiencing the world and making sense out of what is experienced
(2 types)
Passive perception
perception that occurs without conscious effort - not looking for anything in particular - Just happens
- AWARE that something is out of the NORM = DEFENSE against hidden things/dangers
Active perception
Does not just happen - purposely seeking out SPECIFIC info by intentional observations and questioning
ACTIVE INVOLVES THE PERCEPTION PROCESS:
1. selecting behaviour to increase info about a situation/person
2. Organizing that info
3. interpreting the info/perceptions
Does passive perception “turn off” if i am actively seeking out (active perception) info? Can you stop passively perceiving things?
No
Wilson is charting at the nurse’s desk and suddenly becomes aware that there is a smokey smell. this is an example of ________ perception?
Passive Perception
Wilson is charting at the nurse’s desk when the “CODE RED” alarm starts to go off. Wilson and the other nurses start to look around for a possible fire. This is an example of _________ perception?
Active Perception
The Perception Process (3 Stages)
1) SELECTING or “tuning in” info from senses
2) ORGANIZING - put info into a category
3) INTERPRETING - make sense of your organized perceptions
Selective Attention
We pay attention to things that:
a) fil our needs and wants (hungry = will be more attentive to looking for food)
b) Get our attention - blinking, noisy, flashing, movement
c) Say our name or a Taboo word - “Cocktail party effect”
Selective Exposure
we are selective in what we EXPOSE ourselves to and tend to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviours
Selective Recall
Occurs when we remember things we WANT to remember AND forget those things we that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us
Organization
Process through which we mentally arrange the info we selected into meaningful categories
- we all have stereotypes (categories) that we organize info… can lead to misleading perceptions.
How we organize Info
a) Create Categories by looking for pattern in these ways
b) We create categories by Linking items
c) We create categories by Seeking Closure to organize info
How we organize info: (a) Create categories by looking for patterns in these ways…
1) Superimpose - placing a familiar structure on info you select
2) Proximity - assume people are a couple because they standing close together
3) Similarities - assume 2 girls are sisters because they look alike
4) Differences - assume if something looks different it doesn’t belong
How we organize info: (b) We create categories by linking them…
Allows us to make sense out of stimuli by grouping, dividing, separating and categorizing info
1) Timelines: determine the cause and effect of our communication interactions
2) Punctuation or Separation: to see patterns (phone #s use separation = 306 867 5309)
How we organize info: (c) Create categories by Seeking Closure to organize info
- We perceive objects as whole even when they are not complete
- When we have an incomplete picture of a person we Fill in the missing info
Closure
the process of filling in missing information based on past experiences (e.g. we perceive objects as whole even when they are not complete)
Cognitive Schemas
databases of collected info we use to interpret new experiences or help us interpret other’s behaviours
- cognitive schemas are subjective = different people can come to different conclusions based on their schemas
The Perception Process
1) Selecting = 1st stage, where we select certain sensations to focus our awareness
2) Organizing = 2nd stage, where we assemble stimuli into convenient and efficient patterns
3) Interpreting = Final stage, in which we assign meaning to what we have observed
Impression Formation Theory
A basic theory to explain how we form impressions of others based on what we select to pay attention to (what they look like, act, and what they tell us about themselves)
- greater emphasis on the things that we see 1st and what we see last
The Primacy Effect
Emphasize the 1st pieces of info that we observe about another person
1st impressions we form a/b someone often affect out interpretation of subsequent perceptions of that person
The Recency Effect
Emphasize the most recent or the last bit of info we have observed a/b another to form or modify an impression (we put a lot of stock on the last things we observe)
Implicit (specific to you) Personality Theory
your individual idea a/b which personality characteristics tend to co-occur in people to form an impression a/b others behaviour (can be biased)
- when we make assumptions we develop constructs to help determine if we trust someone, like/dislike them, etc.
Constructs
the idea that observed traits are linked to being good or bad or trustworthy or not… etc (highly personal and can be very biased)
The Halo Effect
** is a construct in the implicit personality theory
- What is beautiful is also good!!
- if we like someone we put a halo on them and attribute/believe they have a variety of other positive qualities
The Horn Effect
** is a construct in the implicit personality theory
- What is ugly/less attractive is not good or evil
- if we don’t like someone or see them as less attractive, we put horns on them and believe they have other negative qualities
Thin Slicing
observing a small sample of someone’s behaviour and make a generalization a/b what the whole person is like based on the thin slice or sample
Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT)
initially developed to explain our information seeking behaviours when we first meet others
URT is the overall process of how we reduce our uncertainty a/b our whole social world
Types of uncertainty:
1) Partner Uncertainty - uncertain a/b your communication partner and cant predict the behaviour, thoughts, or feelings of another
2) Relational Uncertainty - lack of confidence a person feels in their ability to explain or predict the nature of a relationship
3) Self Uncertainty - insecurity a person feels in being able to describe, explain, or predict their own behaviour
3 strategies to reduce our uncertainty
Passive - Through observation
Active - Gain info from other sources
Interactive - Gain info by interacting with them/questions/listen and participate in process of reciprocal self disclosure (dyadic effect) most common
Regine had been friends with Colleen for a long time. They were both RNs who worked and joked via text a lot. Over the last few weeks Colleen has not been texting in the same way or frequency. Regine felt something was off. So, she, decided to ask her other friends if they knew of anything that would have caused this change in Colleen… was there something going on? What type of uncertainty reduction theory is Regine using?
Active
Casual Attribution Theory
tries to identify the cause of a person’s behaviour based on:
1) Circumstance (e.g. fleeing classmate left due to an upset stomach)
2) Stimulus (e.g. fleeing classmate left due to something the instructor said)
3) Person (e.g. fleeing classmate left due to being “too sensitive” because the instructor didn’t say anything upsetting)
Fundamental Attribution Error
attributing another person’s behaviour to the person (internal, controllable causes) rather than to circumstances or stimulus (external, uncontrollable causes)
Saving Face
believing other people, not ourselves, are the cause of the problems
