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NURS-204 > Lecture 1: Introduction to Interpersonal Communication and Nursing Therapeutic Relationships > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction to Interpersonal Communication and Nursing Therapeutic Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

What is Depression?

A

a widespread emotional disorder in which the person has problems with sadness, changes in appetite, difficulty sleeping and a decrease in activities, interests, and energy

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2
Q

As a nurse you will need to communicate - BUILD RELATIONSHIPS with…

A

Individuals of all ages
Families
Communities (homeless, mental health, acute care, long term care)
Health care team members
Peers

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3
Q

What happens in health care if there is POOR communication?

A
  • Patients misunderstand and do not follow the treatment/medication schedules
    • Patients not trusting us = don’t tell us the full story (drugs used or lifestyle)
    • Workflow breakdowns
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4
Q

Communication:

A

A complex process that includes the sharing of info, ideas, and feelings aimed at a mutual understanding.
- requires a sender (person sharing), recipient (person receiving), and the transaction (way the message is delivered)

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5
Q

Human Communication:

A

The process of making sense of the world AND sharing it with others via verbal and nonverbal communication. Includes the senses, variety of modes, & mixed media
- today’s technology has forced us to reconsider the definition of Face-to-face communication.

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6
Q

Interpersonal Communication:

A

A distinctive form of communication that involves mutual influence between individuals and contains a true dialogue & honest sharing of self with others.
- occurs when you treat the other as a unique human being and not as an object

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7
Q

Impersonal Communication:

A

occurs when we treat people as objects or when we respond to their roles rather than to who they are as a unique person.
- interaction is mechanical and stilted

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8
Q

Intrapersonal Communication:

A

Communication with oneself; thinking; self-talk

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9
Q

Intraprofessional Communication:

A

Formal communication with professions (your prof, physician, pharmacist, etc)
- Needs to be truthful, accuragte, clear, concise, and comprehensive

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10
Q

Definition of Relationship:

A

Ongoing connection made with another person through interpersonal communication.

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11
Q

Interpersonal Relationships:

A

Perception shared by 2 people through the development of relational expectations and connections.
- varies in interpersonal intimacy

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12
Q

Interprofessional Relationships:

A

Teamwork or collaboration via communication between healthcare members of different departments to accomplish a common goal.

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13
Q

5 Principles Common to ALL Interpersonal Communication:

A

1) Connects us to others
2) Is irreversible
3) Is complicated
4) Is governed by rules
5) Involves both content and relationship dimensions

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14
Q

Symbols:

A

Words, sounds, or visual device that represents thoughts/concepts/objects
- Symbols can complicate messages.

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15
Q

T/F The more communication there is = the more likely communication will succeed?

A

False.
The more communication there is = the more difficult it is for communication to succeed

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16
Q

Rules:

A

A prescription to follow that indicates which behaviour is preferred/prohibited in communication situations or contexts.
(implicit or explicit)

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17
Q

Implicit Rules:

A

We learn these rules from experience and observing others - prescription that we follow which indicates what behaviour is preferred or prohibited
(ex. hat off at dinner table; respect others privacy; etc.)

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18
Q

Explicit Rules:

A

Clearly communicated rules and expectations wither verbally or written
(ex. syllabus)

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19
Q

Content and Relationship Dimensions:

A

Content dimensions - The actual words and how you say them.
Relationship dimensions - How the message/content is said within a relationship (e.g., “dear”)

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20
Q

Metacommunication:

A

The secondary expression of intent (non verbal’s) that either supports or conflicts with what you are verbally saying (helps you understand what people really mean)

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21
Q

Principles of Interpersonal Power:

A

1) Power exists in all interactions and all relationships
2) Both people in a relationship have some power
3) Power is circumstantial
4) Power is negotiated

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22
Q

5 Sources of Power in an Interpersonal Relationship:

A
  1. Legitimate power
  2. Referent power
  3. Expert power
  4. Reward power
  5. Coercive power
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23
Q

5 Sources of Power in an Interpersonal Relationship: Legitimate power

A

Comes from a respect for a position another holds (teachers, nurses, parents, police, company presidents)

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24
Q

5 Sources of Power in an Interpersonal Relationship: Referent Power

A

Comes from our attraction to another person, or the charisma a person holds.
- we let people we like influence us

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25
Q

5 Sources of Power in an Interpersonal Relationship: Expert power

A

Based on a persons knowledge and experience.
- we give power to those who know more than we do or have some level of expertise we don’t have.

26
Q

5 Sources of Power in an Interpersonal Relationship: Reward Power

A

Most common form of power in interpersonal relationships
Give power to others based on their ability to satisfy our needs with rewards of money, gifts, etc
- coercive power

27
Q

Coercive Power:

A

A subcategory of reward power.
Involves the use of sanctions or punishment (something they don’t want) or withholding rewards (like affection)

28
Q

Relationship of Circumstance:

A

interpersonal relationships that exist because of life circumstances (ex. trauma bonding)
- determines whether we then establish a relationship of choice

29
Q

Relationship of Choice:

A

Interpersonal relationships you CHOOSE to start, maintain, or end (friends, lovers, spouse)

30
Q

The Therapeutic Nursing Relationship:

A

It is considered a helping relationship with 2 main goals: (a) helping Pts manage their health and live effectively, and (b) promote optimal independence in their daily lives.
- varies in length
- requires both the science and art of nursing

31
Q

Why is Nursing both an Art and a Science?

A

Science - Nursing knowledge and skills
Art - Applying caring attitudes and behaviours = Empathy and being other oriented

32
Q

Basic Tenants of Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships:

A
  • there is a relationship b/w the nurse and the Pt.
    • the nurse-patient relationship evolves and develops
    • the nurse utilizes communication skills to develop the relationship
    • self-reflection is necessary to support the relationship and ensure client focus.
33
Q

What does Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships emphasize?

A

Her model emphasizes that the nurse-patient relationship is an integral part of nursing practice.

34
Q

The 3 Phases of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships:

A

Orientation Phase
Working Phase
Termination Phase

35
Q

The 3 Phases of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships: Orientation Phase

A
  • mostly 1 way
    • Aim is to set the tone for future interactions = Rapport
    • focus is on listening = hearing what is said and asking questions to stimulate descriptions and stories
36
Q

The 3 Phases of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships: Working Phase

A
  • Major work occurs here = interventions
    • Nurses provide physical care (assisting w nutrition, toileting, dressing, washing, vital signs) and relevant education/teachings (discharge teaching, meds, safety, how to assess self, etc)
37
Q

The 3 Phases of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships: Termination Phase

A
  • The summarizing and closure of the work that was accomplished in the working phase.
    • Discharge planning should be completed in this phase (begins in working phase)
    • Unlike other relationships - the nurse-patient relationship is limited and needs to/must end.
38
Q

5 components that should ALWAYS be present in the Nurse-Patient Relationship:

A
  1. Trust (Critical component)
    • Pt is in a vulnerable position
    • At beginning of relationship trust is fragile = important to keep promises.
  2. Respect
    • recognition of the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual regardless of socio-economic status, personal attributes, and the nature of the health problem
  3. Professional Intimacy (closeness)
    • physical activities (bathing, certain procedures, etc)
    • also includes psychological, spiritual, and social elements (access to intimate personal details)
  4. Empathy
    • ability to enter into Pt’s relational world to see/feel the world as the Pt does
    • what health/healthcare experiences mean for the Pt
  5. Power
    • nurse has more power than Pt
    • includes interpersonal power
39
Q

Interpersonal Power:

A

the degree to which a person is able to influence or control his or her relational power (Nurse has more power than Pt)

40
Q

Empathy:

A

the ability to enter into the client’s relational world to see and feel the world as the client does, & explore the meaning for the client

41
Q

Respect:

A

the recognition of the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual regardless of socio-economic status, personal attributes and the nature of the health problem.

42
Q

What is a Boundary:

A

An invisible structure which protects rights, privacy, and functional integrity of the nurse-patient relationship

43
Q

What is a Boundary Crossing?

A

When a nurse crosses a boundary the nature and dynamic of the relationship changes from professional to unprofessional/personal (balance of power becomes more unequal = increases Pt’s vulnerability)

44
Q

Strategies to Improve Communication Competence:

A

1) Become Knowledgeable, Skilled, & Motivated
- Knowledgeable: learn about communication theory & other skills
- Skills: skills are practiced (labs)
- Motivated: must WANT to improve (self reflection)
2) Become Other-Oriented

45
Q

What does it mean to be Other-Oriented?

A
  • Consider others needs, thoughts, experiences, emotions, desires, cultures, goals, etc.
    • Consider the interests of others
    • Empathize
    • Adapt
    • Be Ethical
46
Q

Key Elements of the Communication Process:

A

Source or Participants (encode/decode)
Message
Channel
Receiver
Noise (Interference)
Feedback
Context

47
Q

Source or participants (element of the communication process):

A

The senders/receivers of messages
- Encode: put ideas, thoughts, & feelings into communication
- Decode: the process of turning a communication message into thoughts

48
Q

Message (element of the communication process):

A

the verbal or nonverbal elements of communication

49
Q

Channel (element of the communication process):

A

the pathway or method through which messages are sent

50
Q

Receiver (element of the communication process):

A

the person who decodes the message

51
Q

Noise (element of the communication process):

A

the interference that keeps a message from being understood - needs to be minimized for accurate communication
(Can be physical or psychological)

52
Q

Feedback (element of the communication process):

A

verbal or nonverbal response to the message

53
Q

Context (element of the communication process):

A

emphasizes the Environment where communication occurs (physical, # of people, relationship, the goal, culture, etc)

54
Q

Physical/Literal Noise:

A

anything in the environment that is loud enough to prevent one communicator from hearing the other (depending on the channel - physical noise may or may not interfere)

55
Q

Psychological Noise:

A

“Noise within ourselves” - our thoughts and plans
(mind chatter)

56
Q

Contexts that Influence Communication:

A

1) Physical Context: the size, layout, temp, # of people, lighting of space, etc.
2) Psychological Context: Mental/emotional factors (stress, anxiety, love, anger, etc)
3) Social Context: stated rules/unstated norms (formal or informal)
4) Relational Context: previous interpersonal history + type of relationship (e.g. just met vs best friend)
5) Cultural & Language Context: cultural traditions/rituals that can result in unintentional insults or confusion (e.g. gender, ethnicity, sexuality, class, or ability)

57
Q

3 Models of Communication:

A

1) Message Transfer Model
2) Message Exchange (interaction) Model
3) Message Creation (transaction) Model

58
Q

Message Transfer Model:

A

This model sees communication as an Action (1-directional) and focuses on the sender and the message.
Main Elements: the channel, the sender, & the receiver.

Communication is a transferring of meaning from source to receiver (receiver is viewed as a target/end point rather than an ongoing process)

59
Q

Message Exchange (Interaction) Model

A

Describes communication as a process by sending and receiving feedback
- Feedback loop is incorporated as messages are sent in response to other messages (alternate roles of sender and receiver)
- includes physical and psychological context

60
Q

Message Creation (Transaction) Model

A

this model recognizes that the sender and receiver are acting simultaneously (senders and receivers are called Communicators) and the message of 1 communicator influences the message of the other

Requires a more complex understanding of context - social, relational, and cultural contexts.

NURS-204 (3 decks)

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