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Z A&P I Chapters 1-3 > Lecture #6 Chapter #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #6 Chapter #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What ate the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Provide strength, provide the cell with ability to resist force, maintain shape, and sell motility

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3
Q

What is the location of the cytoskeleton?

A

Throughout the cell

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4
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Tiny rods of protein (beta actin)

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5
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Slender tubes composed of pairs of (tubulin)

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6
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Several types of proteins (keratin)

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7
Q

What is cell motility?

A

Cell rearranging it self to move

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8
Q

What is phalloiden?

A

A toxin that binds to f-actin and can be used with a fluorescent molecule to monitor changes in microfilament organization

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9
Q

What is the central zone composed of?

A

Two cylinders called centrioles

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10
Q

What is the function of the centrisome?

A

Centrioles migrate to either side of the nucleus and produce spindle fibers to pull and distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

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11
Q

Where is the central zone located?

A

Near the nucleus

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12
Q

How can centrioles be thought of?

A

Like a factory because they can assemble and disassemble the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What are cilia and flagella made of?

A

Microtubules

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14
Q

What is the function of cilia and flagella?

A

Motility

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15
Q

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A

Cilia perform sweeping movements while the cell remain stationary

Flagella perform swimming movements while the cell propels in specified direction

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16
Q

Where are flagella located?

A

Sperm cell

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17
Q

Where are cilia located?

A

In many different locations such as the respiratory track in the fallopian tubes

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18
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cell growth, maintenance of routine functions, and replication of all DNA

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19
Q

What are the three phases that interphase can be subdivided into?

A

G1 phase-growth phase
S phase–DNA replicated
G2 phase-cellular growth, synthesize of structures besides DNA


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20
Q

What does the G stand for in G1 and G2 phase?

A

Gap

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21
Q

What does the S stand for in the S phase?

A

Synthesis

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22
Q

What are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

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23
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Normal cells which are not sex cells

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24
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Only in sex cells

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25
Q

And what types of cells are 23 chromosomes found?

A

Sex cells

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26
Q

In what type of cells are 46 chromosomes found?

A

Somatic cells

27
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear membrane

28
Q

In which type of cells does mitosis occur?

A

Somatic/non-sex cells

29
Q

What is produced at the end of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells from the original cell eats with a complete set of 46 chromosomes. With 23 coming from each parent

30
Q

How many chromosomes are in meiosis?

A

23

31
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

32
Q

What 4 things happen in prophase?

A

-Chromatin condenses
-Sister chromatids attached at the centromere
-Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus in micro tubules form
-The nuclear envelope and nucleolus break apart

33
Q

What 2 things happen in metaphase?

A

-Duplicated Homologous chromosome’s lineup at the spindle equator (halfway between spindle polls)
-Sister chromatids prepare to move apart toward opposite spindle poles

34
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

-Microtubules separate the sister chromatids of each chromosome and pull them toward opposite spindle poles
-Each DNA molecule is now a separate chromosome

35
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

To clusters of chromosomes arrive at the spindle polls in decondense; new nuclei form

36
Q

What happens at the end of mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis, which is when nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of chromosomes forming two new nuclei with the parental chromosome number

37
Q

What causes a tumor?

A

To frequent mitosis – abnormal growth

38
Q

What stages of the cell cycle are skipped in cancer?

A

G1 and G2 checkpoints are ignored

39
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Moles and other tumors

Abnormal masses of tissue

40
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A non-cancerous neoplasm

41
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

Cancer when abnormally dividing cells disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically

42
Q

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

A

A gene that holds mitosis in check

43
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Abnormal variance of genes that normally control the cell cycle but become overexpressed and increase cell division rate

44
Q

What does metastasize mean?

A

Malignant neoplasms can break free and invade other tissues

45
Q

What is BRCA gene?

A

Breast cancer genes are tumor suppressor genes whose products normally repair broken DNA

46
Q

What are the two ways that a cell dies?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

47
Q

What occurs in apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death which occurs normally with the formation of blebs

48
Q

What is a bleb?

A

 Bulges of packaged contents during apoptosis

49
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death from damage which does not occur normally and releases Inflammatory cellular contents

50
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net movement of substances is down a concentration gradient which ends in dynamic equilibrium

51
Q

What are the two types of proteins and facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and carrier proteins

52
Q

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

A

Substances which do not readily diffuse across the membrane are transported via proteins to allow diffusion to occur

53
Q

What must be done to move substances up a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

54
Q

What happens in active transport?

A

Energy is used where to solutes are typically pumped across the membrane in the opposite direction

55
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Where water moves to the concentration of high solvent

56
Q

What is filtration?

A

Forcing molecules through membranes by exerting pressure

57
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To separate solids from water

58
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Cells taking in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

59
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fused with it, and release their contents

60
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Drinking/Taking in water and dissolved components

61
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Eating/Taking in solids

62
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

The taking in of specific molecules from surrounding fluids that bind to receptors

63
Q

What are examples of exocytosis?

A

Releasing neural transmitters and some hormones

64
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

The combining of endocytosis and exocytosis to selectively and rapidly transport a substance or particle from one end of a cell to another

Z A&P I Chapters 1-3 (7 decks)

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