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Z A&P I Chapters 1-3 > Lecture #3 Chapter #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Chapter #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element?

A

An atom

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

A fundamental building block

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When two or more atoms combine together to form a distinctive type of particle

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Similar to a molecule in it is composed of multiple atoms but it must be composed of two or more separate elements

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5
Q

What Is the generic term for electrons, protons, neutrons?

A

Subatomic particles

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6
Q

What is the total number of protons plus the total number of neutrons called?

A

Mass number

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

 Different forms of the same element because they have different masses due to the different number of neutrons

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8
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Means atoms are looking for satisfied customers, The desire for atoms to gain or lose electrons so they have a complete outer shell/Octet of electrons

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9
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The electrons in the outer most shell, determines the behavior of an atom

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10
Q

What is a noble gas?

A

Gases that exhibit great stability and low reaction rates due to having a complete outer shell of electrons

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11
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic and covalent

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12
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A strong attraction between ions of opposite charges (Cations and anions)

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13
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When two atoms share a pair of electrons

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14
Q

What types of bonds are typically found in the body?

A

Covalent bonds

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15
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A

Polar and nonpolar

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16
Q

What is polarity?

A

Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions

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17
Q

What is an example of a polar substance?

A

Water

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18
Q

What is an example of a nonpolar substance?

A

Oil

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19
Q

What causes a nonpolar bond?

A

When the atoms in a covalent bond are shared equally

20
Q

What are the three substances that form hydrogen bonds?

A

NOF-Nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine

21
Q

What are reactants?

A

The starting materials of a chemical reaction

22
Q

What are products?

A

Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reactions conclusion

23
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Relatively weak bonds created by an attraction of a slightly positive and slightly negative regions of covalently bonded molecules

24
Q

What is a nonpolar bond?

A

Having an even distribution of charge/when atoms in a covalent bonds share electrons equally

25
Q

How do you hydrogen bonds stack up against ionic or covalent bonds?

A

They break more easily and they do not form molecules. They do impart unique properties on substances such as water and hold molecules such as DNA in their characteristic shapes

26
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure

27
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

When bonds of reactants break to form simpler molecules

28
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken in new bonds form

29
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

Products can change back to reactants. Contains a double arrow

30
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Influences the rate of reaction s but are not consumed/used up

31
Q

What is an acid?

A

Electrolytes that disassociate to release hydrogen ions in water (ie. HCl)

PH less than seven

Acids are positively charged

32
Q

What is a base?

A

They release ions that combine with hydrogen ions (ie. NaOH) (donate OH-)

PH greater than seven

Bases are negatively charged

33
Q

What happens when acids and bases interact?

A

Salt is made

34
Q

What is a hydrogen ion?

A

H+

35
Q

What is a hydroxide ion?

A

OH-

36
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

37
Q

When is pure water neutral?

A

When the number of H+ ions=the number of OH- ions
It will have a pH of seven

38
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45 it is slightly alkaline

39
Q

What is alkalemia?

A

Blood with a pH of 7.5 to 7.8

40
Q

What does alkalemia cause?

A

Alkalosis

41
Q

What is alkalemia brought on by?

A

Breathing rapidly at high altitudes, taking too many anti-acids, high fever, anxiety

42
Q

What is acidemia?

A

Blood pH of 7.0 to 7.3

43
Q

What does acidemia cause?

A

Acidosis

44
Q

What brings on acidemia?

A

Brought on by diarrhea and severe vomiting (Losing alkaline contents from small intestine)

45
Q

What is acidic and what is basic on the pH scale?

A

Zero is acidic and 14 is the basic

46
Q

What are buffers?

A

Chemicals that resist pH change

47
Q

How do buffers stabilize pH levels?

A

They combine with hydrogen ions when these ions are an excess or they donate hydrogen ions when these ions are depleted

Z A&P I Chapters 1-3 (7 decks)

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