Lecture #3 Chapter #2 Flashcards
What is the smallest unit of an element?
An atom
What is an atom?
A fundamental building block
What is a molecule?
When two or more atoms combine together to form a distinctive type of particle
What is a compound?
Similar to a molecule in it is composed of multiple atoms but it must be composed of two or more separate elements
What Is the generic term for electrons, protons, neutrons?
Subatomic particles
What is the total number of protons plus the total number of neutrons called?
Mass number
What are isotopes?
 Different forms of the same element because they have different masses due to the different number of neutrons
What is the octet rule?
Means atoms are looking for satisfied customers, The desire for atoms to gain or lose electrons so they have a complete outer shell/Octet of electrons
What are valence electrons?
The electrons in the outer most shell, determines the behavior of an atom
What is a noble gas?
Gases that exhibit great stability and low reaction rates due to having a complete outer shell of electrons
What are the types of chemical bonds?
Ionic and covalent
What is an ionic bond?
A strong attraction between ions of opposite charges (Cations and anions)
What is a covalent bond?
When two atoms share a pair of electrons
What types of bonds are typically found in the body?
Covalent bonds
What are the two types of covalent bonds?
Polar and nonpolar
What is polarity?
Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions
What is an example of a polar substance?
Water
What is an example of a nonpolar substance?
Oil
What causes a nonpolar bond?
When the atoms in a covalent bond are shared equally
What are the three substances that form hydrogen bonds?
NOF-Nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine
What are reactants?
The starting materials of a chemical reaction
What are products?
Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reactions conclusion
What are hydrogen bonds?
Relatively weak bonds created by an attraction of a slightly positive and slightly negative regions of covalently bonded molecules
What is a nonpolar bond?
Having an even distribution of charge/when atoms in a covalent bonds share electrons equally
How do you hydrogen bonds stack up against ionic or covalent bonds?
They break more easily and they do not form molecules. They do impart unique properties on substances such as water and hold molecules such as DNA in their characteristic shapes
What is a synthesis reaction?
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure
What is a decomposition reaction?
When bonds of reactants break to form simpler molecules
What is an exchange reaction?
Parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken in new bonds form
What is a reversible reaction?
Products can change back to reactants. Contains a double arrow
What is a catalyst?
Influences the rate of reaction s but are not consumed/used up
What is an acid?
Electrolytes that disassociate to release hydrogen ions in water (ie. HCl)
PH less than seven
Acids are positively charged
What is a base?
They release ions that combine with hydrogen ions (ie. NaOH) (donate OH-)
PH greater than seven
Bases are negatively charged
What happens when acids and bases interact?
Salt is made
What is a hydrogen ion?
H+
What is a hydroxide ion?
OH-
What is pH?
A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
When is pure water neutral?
When the number of H+ ions=the number of OH- ions
It will have a pH of seven
What is the pH of blood?
7.35 to 7.45 it is slightly alkaline
What is alkalemia?
Blood with a pH of 7.5 to 7.8
What does alkalemia cause?
Alkalosis
What is alkalemia brought on by?
Breathing rapidly at high altitudes, taking too many anti-acids, high fever, anxiety
What is acidemia?
Blood pH of 7.0 to 7.3
What does acidemia cause?
Acidosis
What brings on acidemia?
Brought on by diarrhea and severe vomiting (Losing alkaline contents from small intestine)
What is acidic and what is basic on the pH scale?
Zero is acidic and 14 is the basic
What are buffers?
Chemicals that resist pH change
How do buffers stabilize pH levels?
They combine with hydrogen ions when these ions are an excess or they donate hydrogen ions when these ions are depleted
