Lecture #4 Chapter#2 Flashcards
What is an organic compound?
Compounds that have carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen
What is a carbohydrate?
Molecules that consist primarily of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon plus a water molecule which is CH20 in that ratio.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
They provide much of the energy that the cells require
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are the types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?
3 to 7 carbon atoms combined in a straight chain or ring
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose, and Deoxyribose
How are monosaccharides detected?
With the Benedict’s test
What is a disaccharide?
A combination of two monosaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose
What is glycogen?
The storage form of carbohydrates also known as animal starch
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates built of simple carbohydrates to form larger molecules of different sizes
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Cellulose and glycogen
What are the two functions of carbohydrates?
Energy and structural components of plants
What are the forms of carbohydrates that give energy?
Sugars, starches, and glycogen
What are the forms of carbohydrates that provide structural components of plants?
Cellulose and pectins
What is a lipid?
A greasy or oily nonpolar organic molecule, often with one or more fatty acid tails
What are lipids soluble in?
They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Defined by what they can’t do which is they can’t intersect with water
What are the three classes of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
What is a fatty acid?
A string of hydrocarbons which is non-polar
A single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
What are the two forms of triglycerides?
Saturated and unsaturated
What is the most abundant lipid?
Triglycerides
What is a triglyceride?
Glycerol and three fatty acids
What do triglycerides do?
Supply energy for cellular activity, they can supply more energy program than carbohydrates
What is the difference in structure of triglycerides and carbohydrates?
Well both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen triglycerides have a smaller proportion of oxygen than carbohydrates
What is the building blocks of Triglycerides?
Fatty acids
What are saturated fats?
Fats that are solid at room temperature and have no double bonds
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats that are liquid at room temperature and have double bonds
How is a triglyceride and a phosphorpid similar/different?
While a Triglyceride has three fatty acid chains, a phospholipid only has two and in place of the third has a phosphate group
How do phospholipids interact with water?
The phosphate part is hydrophilic while the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water loving/can mix with and desolve
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water fearing/tendency to repel or mix with water
What are steroids?
A class of lipids. Are complex and include connected rings of carbon. In the drawing each point represents a carbon
What are examples of steroids?
Cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What do proteins do?
Perform a variety of functions, structural material, energy source, and chemical messengers
What must be done to a protein to allow it to be used for energy?
It must get rid of the amine group
How many amino acids makes up the average human protein?
300
What are the 10 different types of proteins?
Structural proteins, Enzymatic proteins, membrane transport proteins, motile proteins, regulatory proteins, receptor proteins, hormones, Antibodies, storage proteins, and toxins and venoms
What are the four proteins structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
What is a primary protein structure?
The sequence of amino acids
What is a secondary protein structure?
Helical or folded plates formed by hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary protein structure?
Three-dimensional structure formed by folding of the polypeptide chain
What is the quaternary protein structure?
Assembly of two or more polypeptides
What is the building block for a nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What is a nucleotide?
Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing organic base
What are nucleotides examples?
ATP (energy), NAD (Coenzyme in energy metabolism), FAD (Coenzyme in energy metabolism), and cAMP (internal cellular messenger)
What are nucleic acids?
Large molecules composed of repeating chains of nucleotides
What are examples of nucleic acids?
DNA (Which is genetic material) and RNA (functions in protein synthesis)
What is the backbone of the comb of DNA?
Alternating phosphate groups and sugar
