Lecture #1 Chapter #1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
A biological science
What does anatomy represent?
The study of body structures
What is the oldest medical science and when was it established?
Anatomy in 1600 BC
What are the three things that anatomy includes/studies?
Internal structures, external structures, and they’re interrelationships
What is gross anatomy?
Macroscopic anatomy, examines large visible structures
What does the prefix macro mean?
Visible or large
What are the 4 types of anatomy?
Surface, regional, systemic, and developmental
What does surface anatomy study?
Exterior features
What does regional anatomy study?
Body areas
What does systemic anatomy study?
Organ systems
What does developmental anatomy study?
The time from conception to death
What are organ systems?
When multiple structures and organs work together to carry out a function
What are the two major types of anatomy?
Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy
What does cyt mean?
Cell
What does microscopic anatomy examine?
Cells and molecules
What is histology?
The study of tissues and their structures
What is cytology?
The study of cells and their structures
What is physiology?
It is also a biological science like anatomy
What does physiology include?
The study of body function
Can anatomy and physiology be separated?
No they are linked together and are inseparable
What are the types of physiology specializations?
Cell, Organ, systemic, and pathophysiology
What is cell physiology?
The processes within and between cells
What is organ physiology?
Functions of specific organs And assessing organ function
What is systemic physiology?
Functions of an organ system
What is pathophysiology?
Effects of diseases
Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?
Because function always reflects structure and what structure can do depends on its specific form
What are six things that are necessary to say something is alive?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, secretion, and excretion
What is ingestion?
Taking in a food
What is digestion?
The breaking of food into nutrients
What is absorption?
The moving of nutrients into the bloodstream
What is metabolism?
They use of nutrients to extract energy and build cells and tissue.
It goes all the way down to a cellular level
What is secretion?
The production and release of substances for a specific function
What is excretion?
The removal of waste from the cell/tissues/body
What are the five requirements of an organism?
Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure
Why is heat required for an organism?
Because ideal temperature is necessary for bodily reactions to take place
Why is pressure necessary for an organism?
Because the body is designed to operate under a specific pressure which is the atmospheric pressure and plays a strong role in breathing
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together
What is an organism?
A collection of organ systems
What are the five levels of complexity in a biological organization?
An organism, organ system, Oregon, tissue, cell, and (atom or molecule)
What does an organ consist of and do?
Consists of multiple tissue types in performs major functions in the body
What is a tissue?
A group of cells of similar type to perform a specific function in the body
What are cells?
The fundamental subunit of living organisms
How many organ systems are there?
11
What are the functions of the organ systems? (DNIR)
Acquiring, processing, and distributing nutrients throughout the body and eliminating waste
Synthesizing basic biological molecules required for structure and function
Sensing in responding to changes in the environment
Protecting the body against injury or attack whether a large predator or a small infection
Reproduction in nourishment of offspring
What are the structures of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
What are the 4 functions of the integumentary system?
Protects against the environment, helps regulate body temperature, provide sensory information, and prevent dehydration
What are the structures of the skeletal system?
Bones, bone marrow, ligaments, and cartilage
What are the three functions of the skeletal system?
Providing support and protection, storing calcium and other minerals, and forming blood cells
What are the structures of the muscular system? (Name all types of muscle)
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle along with tendons
What are the three functions of the muscular system?
Providing movement, providing protection and support for other tissues, and generating heat that maintains body temperature
What are the structures of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and the peripheral and sensory organs
What are the three functions of the nervous system?
Directing responses to stimuli, coordinates in moderates the activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
What are the structures of the endocrine system?
Pituitary (brain), Hypothalamus (brain), Thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and other hormone secreting glands
What are the three functions of the endocrine system?
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusting metabolic activity and energy use, and controlling many structural and functional changes during development
What are the structures of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What are the two functions of the circulatory system?
Distributing blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat in assists in control of body temperature
Can be thought of as a highway or a pumping system
What structures make up the immune system?
Lymph nodes, Lymph ducts, the spleen, the thymus, telepathic vessels, and the tonsils
Lymph nodes can be thought of as guard checks
What are the two functions of the immune system?
Defending against infection and disease, and returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
What structures are associated with the respiratory system?
Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli
What are the four functions of the respiratory system?
Delivering air to the alveoli, providing oxygen to the bloodstream, removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication
What are the structures of the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are the four functions of the digestive system?
Processing and digesting food, absorbing and conserving water, absorbing nutrients, and storing energy reserves
What are the structures of the excretory system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What are the four functions of the excretory system?
Excreting waste products from the blood, controlling water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced, Storing urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulating blood ion concentrations and PH
What structures make up the male reproductive system?
Testes, epididymis, ductus differentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, penis, and scrotum
What are the two functions of the male reproductive system?
Producing male sex cells called sperm and seminal fluids and hormones, and sexual intercourse
What are the structures of the female reproductive system?
The ovaries, the uterine or fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, the labia, the clitoris, and the mammary glands
What are the four functions of the female reproductive system?
Producing female sex cells called osteocytes and hormones, supporting and develop an embryo from conception until delivery, providing milk to nurse newborn infants, and sexual intercourse
What are the 11 organ systems?
The Integumentary system, the skeletal system, The muscular system, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the circulatory system, the immune system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the excretory or the urinary system, and the reproductive system
