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Biomed 1 - Revision Deck > Lecture 6 - Cardiovascular Part II > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Cardiovascular Part II Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of circulation

A
  1. Systemic circulation - blood circulation around the body
  2. Pulmonary circulation - blood from the heart ⇒ lungs ⇒ heart
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2
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries ⇢ arterioles (smaller arteries)
  2. Veins ⇢ venules (smaller veins)
  3. Capillaries - connect arterioles and venules, gas exchange between blood and cells/tissues
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3
Q

Arteries/arterioles vs Veins/venules

A
  1. Arteries/arterioes
    1. Carry blood AWAY from the heart
    2. Oxygenated (except pulmonary and umbilical arteries)
    3. High pressure
  2. Veins/venules
    1. Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
    2. Deoxygenated (except pulmonary and umbilical veins)
    3. Low pressure
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4
Q

Blood vessel - 3 layers

A
  1. Tunica externa - outermost, elastic & collagen fibres, nerves and blood vessels
  2. Tunica media - smooth muscle, controls blood vessel diameter
  3. Tunica intima - innermost, made of endothelium, protects, secretes chemicals
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5
Q

Hepatic first pass

A
  • Venous blood is carried by portal vein from GIT, spleen and pancreas directly to liver
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6
Q

Vasoconstriction / Vasodilation

A
  • Blood vessels ⇒ smooth muscle ⇒ autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • Sympathetic nervous system ⇒ vasoconstriction
  • Parasympathetic - little effect
  • Vasodilation ⇣ blood pressure
  • Vasconstriction ⇡ blood pressure
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7
Q

Heart layers

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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8
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Outer layer of the heart
  • Thin, double-layered
  • Fibrous pericardium - attaches to diaphragm
  • Inner serous pericardium - consists of visceral and parietal layer
  • Keeps heart in position
  • Allows free movement during contractions
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9
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Middle layer
  • Cardiac muscle - 95% of heart
    • Striated and involuntary
  • Pumps blood out of the heart
  • Autorhythmic (can generate its own rhythm of contraction)
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10
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Innermost layer
  • Thin layer of endothelium over thin layer of connective tissue
  • Smooth lining for the heart chambers, covers heart valves
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11
Q

Cardiac artery

A

delivers oxygenated blood to the mycardium

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12
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left atrium
  4. Left ventricle
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13
Q

Right Atrium

A
  • Receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava
  • Pumps blood into right ventricle through tricuspid valve
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14
Q

Right Ventricle

A
  • Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium
  • Pumps blood to lungs through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into left and right pulmonary arteries
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15
Q

Left Atrium

A
  • Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein
  • Pumps blood to the left ventricle through the mitral / bicuspid valve
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16
Q

Left Ventricle

A
  • Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
  • Pumps blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta. Some of the blood flows into the coronary arteries which carry blood to the heart wall
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17
Q

Blood flow in heart

A
  • Blood enters right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
  • Goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  • Passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery into the lungs
  • Blood (now oxygenated) returns to left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • Passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
  • Pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta
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18
Q

Heart contraction - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systerms

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
    • ⇑ Increases rate and strength of contraction
    • Vasoconstriction
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • ⇓ Decreases rate and strength of contraction (via vagus nerve)
    • Little influence on blood vessels
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19
Q

Conduction system of the heart - components

A
  • Sinoatrial node (SA node) - pacemaker
  • Atrioventricular node (AV node) - relay station
  • Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) - conduct from atria to ventricles
  • Right and left bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres - ventricular contraction
20
Q

What is the primary fuel for the heart?

A

Fatty acids (50-70%), glucose (30%)

During exercise - lactic acid to produce ATP

21
Q

ECG

A
  • P wave - atrial depolarisation (SA node)
  • QRS wave - rapid ventricular depolarisation (sharp curve)
  • T wave - ventricular repolarisation (resting)

Enlarged Q wave may suggest heart attack

22
Q

Pulse Rate

A
  • Blood pressure wave original from the heart
  • Varies depending on life stage
    • Newborn 130
    • 3 years 100
    • 12 years 85
    • Adult 70-90
23
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood being pumped out by the heart per minute

Stroke volume = volume ejected per beat from both ventricles

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate (average 5 L / min

24
Q

Systole

A

The force that drives blood out of the heart (contraction)

25
Q

Diastole

A

Period of relaxation when the heart fills with blood

26
Q

Tachycardia

A

Resting heart rate over 100 bpm

27
Q

Bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate under 60 bpm

28
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on the blood vessel walls

Normal range 90/60 - 140/90 mmHg

Vasoconstriction ⇑ bp

Vasodilation ⇓ bp

29
Q

Cholesterol - functions

A
  • Cell membrane integrity (vital in brain)
  • Vitamin D and calcium metabolism
  • Sex hormones (e.g. oestrogen, testosterone)

Acquired from liver cells and diet

Hydrophobic - must be transported by lipoproteins

30
Q

Lipoproteins

A
  • Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • High density lipoproteins (HDL)

NHS guidelines - total cholesterol levels 5 mmol/L or less for healthy adults and 4 mmol/L or less for at risk

31
Q

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

A
  • Carry 75% total cholesterol in body - from liver to cells
  • In excess, can be deposited in arteries
32
Q

HDL (high density lipoproteins)

A
  • Remove excess cholesterol from body cells and blood, transport to liver
  • Prevent accumulation of cholesterol in blood
33
Q

Blood - homeostasis - body systems

A
  • Skin - repair, temperature
  • Skeletal - bone remodelling, RBC production
  • Muscular - transports heat and lactic acid
  • Endocrine - delivers hormones to target tissues
  • Lymphatic/immune - distribute immune cells
  • Digestive - carry nutrients to liver, hormones for digestion
  • Urinary - 20% of cardiac output ⇢ liver for filtering
  • Reproductive - distribute hormones
34
Q

Hypercholesterolaemia

A

Elevated blood cholesterol

Allopathic treatment - statins

35
Q

Hypercholesterolaemia - causes

A
  • Familial (chromosomal defect)
  • Age
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Sedendary lifestyle
  • Diet (high trans fats, salt, refined sugars)
  • Exessive alcohol
36
Q

Arterioscelerosis

A

Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • A type of arteriosclerosis
  • Formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arterial walls - disrupt blood flow
  • Affects medium and large arteries (coronary, carotid, cerebral, aorta)
  • Leading cause of death in US and most developed countries
38
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A
  • Not a heart attack
  • Occurs when heart develops an arrhythmia causing it to stop
  • 70% due to coronary heart disease
  • Other causes - cardiomyopathy, trauma, medication overdose, haemorrhage
39
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium and valves

Bacterial infection which spread from a dental infection

Symptoms

  • Fever, fatigue, muscle & joint pain, loss of appetite (flu-like)
  • Dyspnoea and persistent cough
  • Osler’s nodes (tender red pots under skin of fingers)
40
Q

Pericarditis

A

Acute inflammation of pericardium

Normally viral infection, can be systematic inflammation (RA)

Signs

  • chest pain radiating to back, relieved by sitting up
  • dyspnoea when reclining
  • Low-grade fever, weakness, fatigue, nauseous, dry cough
  • Pericardial friction rub
41
Q

Shock

A

Reduction in circulating blood volume, blood pressure and cardiac output

Resulting in hypoxia of tissues

42
Q

3 types of shock

A
  1. Hypovolaemic - blood volume reduced by 15-25%, hemorrhage, severe burn, vomiting, diarrhoea
  2. Cardiac - myocardium can’t maintain cardiac output
  3. Septic - infection causes immune and inflammatory response causing vasodilation and pooling of blood
43
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A
  • Loss of sympathetic control on blood vessels
  • Increased parasympathetic stimulation of heart
  • Dilation of blood vessels and bradycardia
  • Casuses reduced cardiac output, blood pooling and fainting
  • E.g. spinal injury
44
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A
  • Severe allergic response
  • Vasodilation
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Reduced cardiac output
  • Tissue hypoxia
45
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock

A
  • Hypoxia - cold, clammy, cyanosis, faint, weak
  • Confusion, anxiety
  • Tachycardia
  • Weak pulse
  • Rapid breathing
  • Hypotension

Biomed 1 - Revision Deck (9 decks)

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