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Biomed 1 - Revision Deck > Lecture 2 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Supine
Prone

A

Supine - facing up
Prone - facing down

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2
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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3
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer the trunk

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5
Q

Distal

A

Further from the trunk

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6
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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7
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer the back

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8
Q

Superior

A

Towards the top

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the bottom

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10
Q

Coronal/frontal plane

A

Separating the body front and back

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11
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separating the body left and right

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12
Q

Horizontal / transverse plane

A

Separating the body top and bottom

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13
Q

Human skeleton - FUNCTIONS

A
  • Supports framework
  • Boundaries (skull)
  • Attachment (for muscles and tendons)
  • Movement
  • Haematopoiesis (red blood cell formation in red bone marrow)
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14
Q

Types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
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15
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells

Undergo divisioin

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Bone-building cells
  • Synthesis and secrete collagen
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17
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Mature bone cells
  • Maintain daily metabolism, exchange of nutrients
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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • ‘Ruffled border’ - digest bone matrix
  • ‘Resorption’ - breakdown of bone matrix
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19
Q

2 types of bone

A

Compact

Spongy

20
Q

Compact bone

A

80% of skeleton is compact bone

Structural unit of bone - osteon

21
Q

Osteon - 4 parts

A
  1. Haversian canal - blood vessels and nerves
  2. Lamellae - concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix (minerals and collagen)
  3. Canaliculi - interconnected canals - route for nutrients / waste
  4. Lacunae - small spaces with osteocytes
22
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • No osteons
  • Irregular lattice of thin columns - trabeculae
  • Lighter
  • Filled with bone marrow
  • Contain blood vessels to nourish the bone
  • Covered with compact bone
23
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Double-layer membrane
  • Tough outer fibrous layer - protection
  • Inner osteogenic layer - osteoblasts and osteoclasts - growth and repair
24
Q

5 types of bones and location

A
  1. Short - carpals (wrist), tarsals (feet)
  2. Irregular - vertebrae
  3. Flat - skull, scapula, pelvis
  4. Sesamoid - patella
  5. Long - femur, tibia
25
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
  • Secreted by thyroid gland
  • Increases bone formation by - inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting osteoblasts (which deposit calcium in bones)
26
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin D on bones?

A
  • Facilitates calcium absorption in intestines
  • Directly involved in bone turnover
  • Vit D3 works with Vit K2
  • Vit D decreases with age and high alcohol intake
27
Q

What is the effect of exercise on bones?

A

Mechanical stress ⇢ increased mineral deposition and collagen production

28
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • ‘Central’ skeleton
  • 80 bones
  • Protect vital organs
  • Skull, thoracic cage, spine
29
Q

Vertebral column

A

24 vertebrae

  • Cervical (7) C1 - C7
  • Thoracic (12) T1 - T12
  • Lumbar (5) L1 - L5
  • Sacrum and coccyx (fused bones)

Functions:

  • Protects spinal cord
  • Movement
  • Support of skull
30
Q

Thoracic Cage and Ribs

A

Sternum

12 ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 are ‘floating ribs)

31
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Distal skeleton
  • 126 bones
  • Functions - movement and organ protection
  • Shoulder girdle, arm and hand
  • Pelvic girdle, leg and foot
32
Q

Arms and Shoulder

A
  • Clavicle (anterior)
  • Scapula (posterior)
  • Humerus (upper arm)
  • Ulna (medial forearm)
  • Radius (lateral forearm)
  • Carpals (wrist bones)
  • Metacarpals (bones in between carpals and digits)
  • Phalanges (fingers)
33
Q

Pelvic Girdle is made up of:

A
  • Hip bones
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx

Protects reproductive organs and bladder

34
Q

Leg

A
  • Femur (longest and strongest bone in body)
  • Tibia (shin bone)
  • Fibula (lateral lower leg)
  • Patella (sesamoid bone)
  • Tarsals (ankle bones)
  • Metatarsals (connecting middle section of foot)
  • Phalanges (toes)
35
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Muscles that attach to bone (via tendons) and move joints
36
Q

3 types of joints

A
  1. Fibrous - bones held tightly together, little movement - skull
  2. Cartilaginous - articulating bones connected by cartilage, little or no movement - epiphyseal growth plate, intervertebral discs
  3. Synovial - permit the most movement
    1. Covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage (reduces friction, shock absorber)
    2. Synovial fluid - provide nutrients
    3. Examples - ball & socket, shoulder and hip
37
Q

Bursae

A
  • Closed fluid-filled sacs
  • Reduce friction
  • Between skin and bone, tendon and bone
  • Knee
38
Q

Angular Movements

A
  1. Flexion - decrease in joint angle
  2. Extension - increase in joint angle
  3. Rotation - movement around its longitudinal axis
  4. Lateral flexion - movement of trunk away from middle (side bending)
  5. Abduction - movement away from midline
  6. Adduction - movement toward midline
  7. Circumduction - circular movement
39
Q

Special Movements

A
  1. Elevation - superior movement (up)
  2. Depression - inferior movement (down)
  3. Protraction - anterior movement (forward)
  4. Retraction - posterior movement (backward)
  5. Inversion - medial movement of sole (turn in)
  6. Eversion - lateral movement of sole (turn out)
  7. Dorsiflexion - bending foot up
  8. Plantar flexion - bending foot down
  9. Supination - movement of forearm to turn palm up
  10. Pronation - movement of forearm to turn palm posteriorly
  11. Opposition - movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips
40
Q

Bone Fracture Repair

A
  1. Haematoma (and inflammation) - blood vessels break, blood flows in
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - phagocytes clean up debris, fibroblasts lay down collagen to form soft callus
  3. Bony callus formation - osteoblasts replace callus with new bone
  4. Bone remodelling - callus is mineralised and compact bone laid down
41
Q

Healthy (and unhealthy) spine curvature

A

Kyphosis

Hyper-kyphosis

42
Q

Lordosis

A

Increased spinal concavity

43
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral ‘S’ shaped curve in the spine

44
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Chronic, progressive thinning of bone
  • Caused by decreased bone mineral density ⇢ bone fragility ⇡ fracture
    • Risk factors
      • Age
      • Female & post-menopausal
      • Poor diet (acid - high sugar and protein), low in minerals, caffeine, fizzy drinks
      • Drugs - long-term corticosteroid therapy (› 6 months)
      • GI diseases - liver disease, malabsorption syndromes, low stomach acidity
      • Genetics
      • Sedentary lifestyle
      • Low body weight
      • High alcohol consumption and smoking
      • Toxins (heavy metals)
45
Q

Osteomalacia and Rickets

A
  • Inadequate mineralisation of bone matrix
  • Rickets - prior to epiphyseal plate closure (<18 years)
  • Osteomalacia - adolescent or adult
  • Cause - Vit D deficiency
46
Q

Osteomyelitis

A
  • Bacterial infection of the bone marrow
  • Necrosis and bone weakness
  • Causes - bacterial infection through blood supply or post fracture
  • Causes - Immunosuppression, diabetes, IV drug users
47
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A
  • Autoimmune
  • Chromic inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints
  • Often leads to spinal fusion (‘ankylosis’) and stiffness
  • Onset 15-30 years, mostly males
  • Genetic association HLA-B27
  • Links with inflammatory bowel disease, leaky gut
  • Lower lumbar spine pain, progressing up the spine
  • Lower back symptoms improve with activity
  • Patients often become kyphotic
  • Hip and heel (achilles) pain common
  • Systemic symptoms - fever, malaise, fatigue
  • Diagnosis - inflammatory markers (ESR/CRP), HLA-B27 positive
  • X-ray/MRI - bamboo spine

Biomed 1 - Revision Deck (9 decks)

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