Lecture 10 - Skin and Lymphatic System Flashcards

Question

Hypothermia

Answer 1

* Less than 35 degrees C * Death - below 25 degrees C

Answer 2

* Above 38.5 degrees C * 40 - life threatening * 41 - brain death * 45 - death

Answer 3

* UV light activates Vitamin D precursor in skin * Kidneys convert precursor to calcitriol * Calcitriol - hormone to increase uptake of calcium and phosphorus from food into blood * Supports bone density * Vit D stored in liver

Answer 4

* Lipid-soluble molecules - Vit A, D, E, K + Oxygen and carbon dioxide * Toxins - mercury, arsenic, poison oak and ivy

Answer 5

* Salt (sodium chloride) * Water * Urea * Ammonia

Answer 6

* Basal cells move across gap * Epidermal growth factor - multiplication of basil cells until space is filled

Answer 7

* **Inflammatory** phase * leukocytes clean up microbes and tissues * clot forms, becomes scab * Epithelial cells migrate to repair the basement membrane

Answer 8

* **Proliferation** Phase * Granulation tissue is formed by collagen and blood vessels * Growth and repair of epithelial cells

Answer 9

* **Remodelling** Phase * 3-6 months * Scab sloughs off, care tissue remains (fibrosis)

Answer 10

1. Hypertrophic scar - stays within boundary of wound 2. Keloid scar - takes up larger space than the wound, normally raised

Answer 11

* Small, firm, elevated lesion * Circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid * Brown, purple, pink or red * ‘maculopapular rash’ in measles

Answer 12

* Small, elevated, erythematous lesion containing pus * Purulent material * Necrotic inflammatory cells * White or red

Answer 13

* Small flat, circumscribed lesion of a different colour to normal skins * Change in surface colour, without elevation or depression

Answer 14

* Palpable elevated lesion * Similar to a papule, but bigger and deeper (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis on fingers)

Answer 15

* Collection of dried body fluid (blood plasma and exudate) and dead skin cells (scab) * Exudate - any fluid that filters from the body

Answer 16

* Thick, dry, rough plaques of thickened skin * Visible thickening of epidermis * Accentuated skin markings, pronounced lines * Bark-like * Hallmark of chronic eczema or excessive scratching

Answer 17

* Shallow, moist cavity in the epidermis * Wearing away with loss of superficial epidermis * From chemicals, friction, pressure * ‘Ulcer’ in diabetes

Answer 18

* Raised, irregular mass of collagen due to scar tissue formation * Abnormal scar tissue that grows beyond the skin boundary * Genetic * Vaccination site, scratching, burns

Answer 19

* Blackheads, whiteheads or red bumps * Due to excess sebum, keratin and debris forming a plug in the sebaceous duct or hair follicle * Hormones (testosterone) cause thicker oil secretions * Open comedo - blackhead (oil exposed to air) * Closed comedo - Whitehead (skin grows over oil)

Answer 20

* 1st degree - epidermis * 2nd degree - epidermis and some dermis * 3rd degree - extends into subcutaneous tissue * 4th degree - extends into muscles and tendons

Answer 21

* Dehydration * Hypothermia * Hypovolaemic shock * Infection * Renal failure (kidneys can't filter waste from broken down RBCs and damaged tissue) * Contractures - skin distortion

Answer 22

Network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move ‘lymph’ back into the circulatory system

Answer 23

* Lymph fluid (lymph) * Lymph vessels * Lymph modes * Lymph organs (spleen and thymus) * Lymphoid tissue (e.g. tonsils) * Bone marrow

Answer 24

* Return protein, lipids and water from interstitial fluid to the blood * Immunity against harmful organisms

Answer 25

* right lymphatic duct * thoracic duct

Answer 26

* Watery fluid similar to blood plasma but with less plasma proteins * Same composition as interstitial tissue

Answer 27

* Water * Leukocytes * Plasma proteins (seeped out of capillaries) * Fats (absorbed from small intestine) * Bacteria and cell debris (from damaged tissue)

Answer 28

* Blind-end tubes - one-way structure * Located in the spaces between cells

Answer 29

* Cardiovascular system * circular, closed * blood leaves from and returns to heart * Lymphatic system * linear * Lymphatic capillaries drain lymphatic fluid * Lymphatic fluid contains cells, proteins and macromolecules - transports back to vascular system

Answer 30

* Filter lymph * Remove foreign matter - microbes, cell debris, tumour cells * 600 bean-shaped * Filled with immune cells (lymphocytes, phagocytes)

Answer 31

Afferent vessels

Answer 32

Efferent vessels Many afferent, few efferent - slows down flow of lymph

Answer 33

* Cervical * axillary * inguinal * vertebral column * mesenteric (intestinal)

Answer 34

lymphadenopathy

Answer 35

1. White pulp - lymphocytes and macrophages 2. Red pulp - components of circulating blood

Answer 36

1. Haematopoiesis (in foetus) 2. Blood reservoir 3. Phagocytosis of worn-out defective erythrocytes 4. Immunity: T and B-lymphocytes

Answer 37

* Liver and red bone marrow can take over some functions * But immune function is compromised

Answer 38

* Immune development * Antibody production in early life * ‘thymosin’ promote maturation of T-lymphocytes (produced in red bone marrow) * T-cells leaving thymus via blood migrate to lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues where they colonis * Atrophy begins puberty (age 12), replaced by fat

Answer 39

* Muscosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue * First line of immune defense * Small aggregations of lymphoid tissue found in areas of the body exposed to external environment * Adenoids, tonsils, small and large intestine (especially appendix)

Answer 40

* Tissue drainage * Absorption (lacteals absorb fat-soluble substances - dietary fat, vitamins A, D, E, K) * Immunity - production/maturation of lymphocytes - lymph nodes, spleen, thymus *

Answer 41

* Lymphatic pump - mild contractions of lymphatic vessels * Skeletal muscle pump - movement drains fluid * Respiratory pump - during inhalation air pressure drops in thoracic region, lymph moves from high to low pressure