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Biomed 1 - Revision Deck > Lecture 4 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration System Functions

A
  • Gas exchange O2 and CO2
  • Warming and moistening air
  • Removal of inhaled particles
  • Voice production and olfaction
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2
Q

Name the components/path of the respiratory system

A
  • Nose
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Bronchi (left and right)
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli (air sacs - where gas exchange takes place)
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3
Q

3 types of respiration

A
  1. External - blood and lungs (air) - ventilation (breathing)
  2. Internal - exchange of gases between blood and cells
  3. Cellular - metabolic process - energy (ATP) is obtained by metabolising carbohydrates, fats and proteins
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4
Q

Mechanism by which particles in mucous are moved by cilia up the oesophagus where it can be coughed up or swallowed

A

Mucociliary Escalator

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5
Q

Nasal cavity functions

A
  • Filter
  • Warm
  • Moisten
  • Sneezing reflex
  • Olfaction
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6
Q

Paranasal sinuses - function

A
  1. Resonance in speech
  2. Lighten cranial mass
  3. Tears drain from eyes via nasolacrimal ducts
  4. Moisten air
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7
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx - contains eustachian tubes - equalise pressure
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8
Q

Pharynx - functions

A
  1. Tube for swallowing food
  2. Warm and moisten air
  3. Taste
  4. Hearing
  5. Equalisation of pressure
  6. Immune protection - tonsils
  7. Speech - resonating chamber
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9
Q

Larynx contains

A
  • 9 pieces of cartilage
  • Vocal chords
  • Relaxed muscles - low tone
  • Contract muscles - high tone
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10
Q

Larynx - functions

A
  1. Sound and speech
  2. Protection - epiglottis (prevents food entering lungs)
  3. Air passageway
  4. Warm and moisten
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11
Q

Trachea

A
  • Windpipe
  • 12cm long C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
  • Smooth muscle
  • Sympathetic - dialtion
  • Parasympathetic contraction
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12
Q

Trachea - functions

A
  1. Air flow
  2. Mucociliary escalator
  3. Cough reflex
  4. Warm, moisten, filter
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13
Q

Coughing reflex

A
  1. Irritation of mucous membrane
  2. Nerve impulse sent from vagus nerve to respiratory centre in brain
  3. Deep inhalation
  4. Glottis closed off
  5. Respiratory muscles increase pressure
  6. Forced removal of irritant
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14
Q

What is the substance made from lipids and proteins that forms a surface film in alveoli?

What is its purpose?

A

Pulmonary surfactant

Reduces surface tension, preventing alveoli from collapsing

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15
Q

Pleura

A
  • Serous membranes that surround the lungs
  • Visceral and parietal layers separated by serous fluid to prevent friction
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16
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Trachea divides into left and right bronchi at T5
  • Deliver air into lungs
  • Lined with ciliated epithelium
  • Right bronchus - shorter, more vertical - aspirated object more likely here
  • Carina - ridge where bronchi branch into two - most sensitive part for cough reflex
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17
Q

How does structure of alveoli facilitate gas exchange?

A
  1. Large surface area
  2. Walls very thin
  3. Moist (gases exchange more easily when in water)
18
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • Oxygen and carbon monoxide exchanged between blood and air
  • Oxygen moves from alveoli into blood ⇢ oxygenated blood
  • Carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli ⇢ exhaled
  • Movement occurs via diffusion
19
Q

2 primary muscles of ventilation

A
  1. Intercostal muscles
  2. Diaphragm

(Secondary muscles - neck and chest - can be over-recruited

20
Q

Inhalation & Exhalation activity

A

Inhalation - active - requires muscles

Exhalation - passive - muscles rela

21
Q

What does oxygen bind to in the blood?

A

Haemoglobin (Hb)

Iron is the pigment which makes blood red

22
Q

Where is carbon dioxide carried in the body?

A
  • 70% found in plasma as HCO3 - bicarbonate (buffer)
  • 23% in RBCs (bound to haemaglobin)
  • 7% dissolved in plasma (water component of blood)
23
Q

Bicarbonate buffer reaction

A

CO2 + H20 ⇠⇢ H2CO3 ⇠⇢ HCO3 + H+

  • CO2 diffuses down concentration gradient from tissue to blood
  • High water content of blood ⇢ CO2 combines with water to produce carbonic acid H2CO3
  • Carbonic acid is unstable - decomposes into bicarbonate and H+
  • Hydrogen is exhaled and excreted into urine to reduce acidity
  • Also, the bicarbonate formed is alkaline which ‘buffers’ the acidity of blood to keep pH stable
24
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Elevated CO2 in blood ⇡ H+ ions - increase in acidity

25
Q

How to regulate blood pH - manage increase in acidity in blood

A
  1. Buffer systems (bicarbonate)
  2. Increased exhalation of CO2 (exercise)
  3. Kidney excretion of H+
26
Q

Cell Respiration

A
  • Glucose metabolised for ATP production
  • Fats and proteins also used
  • Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) - 38 net ATP + water + CO2
  • Anaerobic respiration (no oxyten) - 2 ATP + lactic acid
27
Q

Investigations - respiratory problems

A
  • Medical
    • Blood test (inflammatory markets, WBCs)
    • Biochemistry tests
    • Stuptum analysis
    • Imaging (x-ray, MRI)
  • Physical
    • Percussion (tapping chest)
    • Ausculation (using stethescope)
28
Q

Rhinitis

A
  • Inflammation of nasal mucosa ⇡ volume and viscosity of mucus
  • Causes
    • Immune compromise leading to viral/bacterial infections
    • Allergies
    • Pollution, diet, drugs NSAIDS, stress
  • Complications
    • Nasal polyps
    • Ear infections
    • Loss of smell
29
Q

Influenza

A
  • Acute respiratory disease, flu virus
  • Systemic symptoms
  • Sudden onset, fever, malaise, muscle pain, rhinitis, sore throat
  • Complications
    • Secondary infections
    • Post-viral syndrome (chronic fatigue syndrome)
    • Morbidity / mortality
30
Q

Sinisitis

A
  • Inflammation of membrane lining the sinuses
  • Acute or chronic (> 3months)
  • Symptoms - sinus pain, congestion, headaches, fever
31
Q

Nasal polyps

A
  • Soft, benign masses of nasal mucosa
  • Cause - end product of chronic inflammation - viral, bacterial, fungal
  • Pathophysiology -
    • chromic inflammation ⇢
    • blood vessels in nasal lining to become more permeable ⇢
    • water accumulates in cells
    • Gravity pulls down on waterlogged tissues
    • Polyps
  • Signs - difficulty breathing, runny nose, stuffiness, sinus infections, dull headaches, snoring, sleep apnoea
32
Q

Tonsillitis

A
  • Inflammation of tonsils (lymphoid tissue - immune system)
  • Viral or bacterial (streptococci)
  • Short incubation period
  • Sore throat, worse when swallowing, Fever, coughing, headache, red/inflamed tonsils
  • Complications - middle ear infection, quinsy
33
Q

Pharyngitis

A
  • Acute inflammation of mucous membrane of pharynx
34
Q

Laryngitis

A
  • Inflammation of larynx
  • Acute - viral, bacterial
  • Chronic - overuse (strain, irritants, smoke/fumes, acid reflux)
  • Signs - hoarseness, weak voice, voice loss, dry/tickly throat, dry cough
35
Q

Atopic triad

A
  • Hayfever
  • Asthma
  • Eczema
36
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Infection of alveoli and terminal bronchioles, mostly bacterial
  • Infiltration of neutrophils (type of WBC)
  • Signs/symptoms - could, purulent (green/yellow sputum) which may be blood-stained
  • Breathless, fever, tachypnoea, crepitations on auscultation
37
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • Gradual replacement of the epithelial cell lining in alveoli with fibrotic tissue
  • Fibrotic (scar tissue) less able to exchange oxygen and CO2
  • Cause
    • Idiopathic (unknown, genetic)
    • Smoking, asbestos, some drugs, radiation therapy
  • Signs/Symptoms - progressive dyspnoea, chronic cough, fatigue, discomfort i chest, loss of appetite, weight loss
38
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

A
  • Intermittent and repeated upper airway collapse during sleep leading to interrupted breathing
  • Causes - obesity, male, middle-aged, smokers, alcohol, sedatives, polyps
  • Signs - loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, morning drowsiness, nocturnal choking
  • CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
39
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Air accumulation within the pleural cavity, causing part of all of lung to collapse
  • Air enters in defect in pleura (i.e. rib fracture)
  • Causes - spontaneous (cystic fibrosis, emphysema) or traumatic (fracture, surgical complication)
  • Symptoms - Dyspnoea, sharp chest pain, cyanosis, loss of consciousness, coma
  • Signs - Reduced breath sounds, decreased cardiac output
40
Q

Pleurisy

A
  • Pleural inflammation
  • Causes - tumour or infection
  • Signs/Symptoms - dyspnoea, sharp chest pain while breathing, aggravated by coughing sneezing moving around, dry cough, may be relieved with shallow breathing
41
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • Obstruction within pulmonary arterial tree
  • Embolus (mobile clot) resulting from thrombosis travelling from one of the deep veins in leg (DVT)
  • Fat embolism following fracture
  • Symptoms - dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, coughing blood, calf pain (if DVT)
  • Signs - tachypnoea, tachycardia, chest crackles
42
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Multi-organ genetic disease that affects chloride channels and exocrine glands
  • Chloride channels help maintain balance of salt and water within a cell. Genetic mutation causes dysfunction.
  • Mucous - thick and clog up lungs and some digestive organs
  • Chronic respiratory infections and pancreatic enzyme insufficiency
  • Lung disease - principal cause of death
  • Respiratory symptoms - persistent cough, sputum, recurring lunch infections, wheezing
  • GIT symptoms - bloating, obstruction, bleeding, malnutrition

Biomed 1 - Revision Deck (9 decks)

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