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Biomed 1 - Revision Deck > Lecture 5 - Cardiovascular System I > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Cardiovascular System I Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System - 3 parts

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood
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2
Q

Blood

A
  • Type of connective tissue
  • Plasma (55%) and cells (45%)
  • 7% of body weight
  • Adult males 5.6L, Adult females 4.5L
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3
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  • Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
  • Regulate pH, temperature
  • Immune function - antibodies, phagocytes, clotting factors
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4
Q

Blood Plasma - composition

A
  • Water (91%)
  • Proteins (7%)
  • Mineral salts (0.9%)
  • Nutrients
  • Organic waste
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
  • Gases
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5
Q

Blood Plasma PROTEINS

A

Synthesised by liver cells (hepatocytes)

  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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6
Q

Albumin

A

Blood plasma protein

  • Smallest and most numerous
  • Carries lipids and steroid hormones
  • Maintains osmotic pressure
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7
Q

Globulin

A

Blood plasma protein (accounts for 38%)

  • Immunity - immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by B cells
  • Transport - iron, lipids, vitamins
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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Blood plasma protein (7%)

  • Also called ‘clotting factor one’
  • Essential for blood clotting
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9
Q

Blood plasma nutrients

A
  • Simple sugars (carbohydrates) - most glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fats/oils
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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10
Q

Minerals in blood plasma

A
  • Cations (positively charged ions)
    • Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
  • Anions (negatively charged ions)
    • Chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates
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11
Q

Organic waste in blood plasma

A
  • Urea - from protein breakdown
  • Creatinine - from muscle metabolism
  • Uric acid - from purine breakdown
  • Carbon dioxide - from cell metabolism
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12
Q

What are hormomes?

A

Chemical messengers carried by the blood

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13
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • Catalysts for chemical reactions in the body
  • Type of protein
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14
Q

3 types of blood cells

A
  1. Erythrocytes - red blood cells
  2. Leukocytes - white blood cells
  3. Thromocytes - platelets
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15
Q

Haematopoeisis

A
  • Pluripotent cells - all blood cells originate
  • First 2 months of gestation - embryonic yolk sac performs haematopoiesis
  • Between 2-9 months foetal life - liver and spleen take over
  • First few years of life - all bone marrow is red and produces blood cells
  • Adults - haematopoeisis in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis and femur
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16
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Bi-concave and no nucleus - larger surface area to transport O2
  • Lifespan 90-120 days
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17
Q

Haematocrit

A
  • Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
  • Females - 42%
  • Males - 47%
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18
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A
  • Made up of haemoglobin molecules - carry mostly O2 and some CO2
  • Each erythrocyte has 280 million Hb molecules
  • One Hb molecule - consists of 4 polypeptide chains (‘globin’)
  • Each chain is bound to a pigment called ‘haem’ ⇢ contains iron
  • Each haem group in Hb can carry an oxygen molecule
  • Thus each Hb can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules
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19
Q

Haemoglobin Structure - adult and foetal

A

Haemoglobin molecule is made up or 4 polypeptide chains

  • Adult haemoglobin (HbA) - 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
  • Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) - 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits
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20
Q

Why is blood red?

A
  • Interaction of iron and oxygen within haem units
21
Q

What nutrients are necessary for erythrocyte production?

A
  • Vitamin B12
  • Folate B9
  • Iron
22
Q

What causes erythropoiesis?

A
  • Hypoxia stimulates secretion of hormone ‘erythropoietin’ (EPO) in the kidneys ⇢ stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
  • Causes - high altitude, blood loss, pregnancy
  • During first weeks of life liver produces EPO. Liver is less sensitive to hypoxia than kidneys. Hence, premature newborns often have anaemia due to inadequate EPO.
23
Q

Haemolysis

A
  • Destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma
  • About 1% of erythrocytes break down every day
  • Macrophages (phagocytic cells) carry out haemolysis (found especially in spleen)
  • Globin amino acids and iron are recycled
  • Bilirubin - yellow coloured pigment formed from breakdown of haem, excreted in bile and urine
24
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein with 4 different protein (polypeptide) chains joined together

25
Q

Bilirubin

A
  • Formed from haem breakdown
  • Prodominantly formed in spleen, bone marrow and liver
  • Once formed, must be conjugated in the liver before being excreted in faeces (staining brown)
26
Q

Erythrocyte lifecycle

A
27
Q

What are the 2 major blood groups?

A
  1. ABO
  2. Rhesus

Blood group antigens are on surface of erythrocytes

28
Q

Which blood group is universal donor?

A

Blood Group O-

29
Q

Which blood group is universal recipient?

A

Blood Group AB+

30
Q

Rhesus blood group

A
  • Rhesus antigen - another surface antigen found on erythrocytes
  • Inheritance via dominant gene - 85% of people are rhesus positive
  • Anti-rhesus antibodies are produced in rhesus-negative person if come into contact with rhesus antigen in pregnancy or blood transfusion
  • Pregnancy - if mother is Rh- and unborn baby inherits father’s Rh+
  • ‘Haemolytic disease of the newborn’
  • Injection of anti-Rh antibodies (‘D-antibodies’) inactivates foetal Rh antigens
31
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Defend body from microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
  • 1% of blood
  • contain nuclei (unlike erythrocytes)
32
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes - secretory granules in cytoplasm
  2. Agranulocytes
33
Q

3 types of Granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils (60%)
  2. Basophils (Mast Cells) (1%)
  3. Eosinophils (2-4%)
34
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytosis - ingest & destroy microbes
  • Cells die ⇢ form pus
  • Paramedics - first on scene
  • Involved in: infection, tissue damage, leukaemia, RA, heavy smoking
35
Q

Basophils (Mast Cells)

A
  • In blood - basophils
  • In tissues - mast cells
  • Inflammation
  • Release histamine and heparin from granules
  • Histamine dilates blood vessels
  • Not phagocytic
  • (Increase blood area to site to deal with infection or injury)
  • Involved in: inflammatory disease (i.e. inflammatory bowel disease), allergies, infections, hypothyroidism
36
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Eliminate parasites (large ‘invaders’)
  • Promote inflammation - allergic reactions
  • Phagocytosis
  • Involved in: parasitic infections, atopic (extrinsic) asthma, allergies
37
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  1. Monocytes/Macrophages (6%)
  2. Lymphocytes (30%)
38
Q

Monocytes / Macrophages

A
  • Monocytes - in blood
  • Macrophages - in tissue
  • Function - inflammation and repair
  • ‘Munch and present’
  • Phagocytosis - ingest and destroy cellular debris and pathogens
  • Antigen presentation - activate other immune cells
39
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • B-lympocytes - antibody formation
  • T-lymphocytes - kill invading pathogens
  • Natural (NK) cells - kill invading pathogens
  • Immunity against specific antigens
  • Immunological memory
40
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A
  • Small, non-nucleated discs
  • Produced in red bone marrow
  • Megakaryoblasts ⇒ megakaryocytes ⇒ 1000s thrombocytes
  • Produced with thrombopoeitin (hormone) in liver
  • Lifespan - 10 days
  • Blood clotting, platelet plug
41
Q

What vasoconstrictor is activated by platelets?

A

Thromboxane - helps strengthen blood clot

42
Q

4 stages of blood clotting

A
  • Vasoconstriction
    • Smooth muscle contracts
    • Collagen exposed, thromboxane release ⇒ attracts platelets
  • Platelet plug formation
    • Platelets stick to damaged wall, activated and release proteins
    • Platelet aggregation
    • Platelets become sticky - positive feedback loop
  • Coagulation
    • Clotting factors form clot
    • Enzyme ‘thrombin’ converts fibrinogen (protein) into fibrin
    • Fibrin forms long sticky threads
    • Erythrocytes get caught in web, clot forms
  • Fibrinolysis
    • Enzyme plasmin dissolves clot
43
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • Fat soluble vitamin
  • Makes 4 clotting factors
  • Found in dark green vegetables and tomatoes
  • Vit K2 better absorbed, synthesised by intestinal bacteria and is in fermented foods
44
Q

Anti-coagulents

A
  • Heparin - produced in body by mast cells and basophils
  • Drugs - Warfarin (blocks synthesis of clotting factors), Aspirin (suppresses thromboxane)
  • Anti-coagulent herbs - ginkgo, garlic, giner, turmeric
  • Nutrients - Vit E, essential fatty acids
45
Q

2 types of blood cells

A
  1. Myeloid - all blood cells except lymphocytes and natural killer cells original from myeloid line
  2. Lymphoid
46
Q

Key suffix definitions -

  • blast
  • cytosis
  • penia
A
  • -blast - immature cell
  • -cytosis - more than normal cell numbers
  • -penia - lack of cells
47
Q

Anaemia

A
  • Deficiency in haemoglobin
  • Symptoms
    • Fatigue
    • Shortness of breath on exertion, palpitations, irritability, fainting
  • Signs
    • Tachycardia
    • Thin, thready pulse
    • Pallor
48
Q

Haemoloytic Anaemias

A

Anaemia resulting from excessive breakdown of erythrocytes, when bone marrow activity cannot compensate for the loss of RBCs

  • Causes
    • Genetic (sick cell, thalassaemia)
    • Rhesus factor incompatibility, malaria, drugs, chemical, autoimmune, radiation
  • Signs/Symptoms
    • Same as anaemia
    • Jaundice (excess bilirubin production)
    • Splenomegaly (large spleen, abdominal distension, feeling of fullness when eating)
    • Gallstones

Biomed 1 - Revision Deck (9 decks)

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