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kin 131 > lecture 6 and 7 The Nervous System > Flashcards

lecture 6 and 7 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of brain

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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2
Q

cerebral cortex
-how many lobes ?

A

4 lobes on each hemisphere

  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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3
Q

Forebrain : Cerebrum

made up of?

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei and part of limbic system

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4
Q

sulcus

A
  • dips in the brain
  • lateral sulcus or sylvian fissure (between frontal lobe and temporal lobe)
  • central sulcus (between parietal lobe and frontal lobe)
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5
Q

gyrus

A
  • bump over brain
  • sulcus down, gyrus up
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6
Q

2 types of cells in cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal : form major output for cerebral cortex, sending axons

non-pyramidal : receiving input, receiving cells into cerebral cortex

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7
Q

frontal lobe

3 major areas

A

motor cortex : middle area, movements

pre frontal cortex : thinking and problem solving

Broca’s area (lateral side near temporal lobe) : small area, involved in speech

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8
Q

parietal lobe

A

includes : somatosensory cortex

function :

  • processes senses
  • spatial manipulation of the body and space around us
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9
Q

Temporal lobe

A

includes : Wernicke’s area

function :

  • auditory processing
  • language perception and comprehension
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10
Q

occipital lobe

A

includes :

-primary visual cortex

function : vision

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11
Q

where is

  • broca’s area, prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex
  • central sulcus/lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • wernicke’s area
  • primary visual cortex
A
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12
Q

phineas gage

A

-rod went through his skull and damaged frontal lobe

-personality and behaviour changed

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13
Q

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

important function in controlling movement and posture

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14
Q

cerrebrum + diencephalon + midbrain : the limbic system

A

learning, emotional experience, behaviors, visceral and endocrine functions

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15
Q

forebrain : diencephalon

what does it contain + function?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

thalamus : synaptic relay station, attention focusing, relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

hypothalamus : command centre, regulation of environment

epithalamus : controls circadian rhythm, releases melatonin (sleep)

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16
Q

hindbrain : cerebellum

A

important center for coordinating movements and controlling posture and balance

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17
Q

gait ataxia

A

inability to coordinate voluntary muscular activity of limbs, trunk and head

18
Q

brainstem (hindbrain + midbrain)

3 components

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (reticular formation)

-also releases cranial nerves

19
Q

medulla

A
  • cardiovascular center
  • dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
  • vomiting, coughing, sneezing centres (basic rhythm of breathing)
20
Q

pons

A

“bridge” latin

-pontine respiratory group (intensity + rate of breathing)

21
Q

midbrain

reticular formation

A

essential for life, motor function, cardiovascular and respiratory control, rest/wakefulness

22
Q

midbrain

red nucleus

A

play a role in motor coordination

23
Q

midbrain

substantia nigra

A

lots of dopamine which plays a role in movement

24
Q

parkinsons disease

A

degenerative, progressive disease that affects the cells in the basal nuclei and substantia nigra : cant initiate movements

symptoms : bradykinesia (slowness of movement), involuntary shaking, stiffness, imbalance

25
Q

spinal cord

A
  • has gray and white matter
  • afferent neuron= dorsal side
  • efferent neuron = ventral side
  • ventral horns and dorsal horns
  • central canal (where CSF flows)
26
Q

spinal cord segments

A

5 sections

  • cervical (8 segments)
  • thoracic (12 segments)
  • lumbar (5 segments)
  • sacral (5 segments)
  • coccygeal (1 segment)
  • nerves exit above their corresponding spinal vertebrae in cervical region, at T1 corresponding nerves will exit below their given segment
27
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord

28
Q

filum terminale

A

pia meter extension

29
Q

cauda equina

A

lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots

30
Q

spinal cord white matter contains

A

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

31
Q

PNS has how many pairs of nerves

A

43 pairs of nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves (8,12,5,5,1)

32
Q

afferent vs efferent neurons

A

afferent : convey information from sensory receptors to CNS

efferent : carry signals from CNS to muscles, glands and other tissues

-divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

33
Q

do spinal nerves contain efferent or afferent neurons?

cranial nerves?

A

spina nerves : both

cranial nerves : not all contain both, some only have one or the other

34
Q

somatic nervous sytem

A
  • innervates skeletal muscle
  • single neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle
  • can lead only to muscle cell excitation (release ACTH)
35
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands and neurons in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues
  • two neuron chain between CNS and affector organ
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
36
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic divison : fight or fright (comes of thoracolumbar division)

parasympathetic division : rest-or-digest (comes off cranial and sacral areas)

one activated one is not very activated

most organs innervated by both division of ANS (palms just have sympathetic)

37
Q

sympathetic chain/trunk

A

run parallel and external to vertebral column

38
Q

cervical sympathetic ganglia

A

-superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia project to structures in the head and neck as well as the heart

superior →face, eyes

middle→heart

inferior→heart, lungs

39
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A

4 pairs in the head : others situated close to target organ

cillary ganglion : located just behind the eye

submandibular ganglion : near mandible (bottom)

otic ganglion : head/neck of mandible

pterygopalatine ganglion : cheek bone

40
Q

somatic nervous system sequence of neurotransmitter release

A

SNS

CNS→neurons release ACh →binds to nicotonic Ach receptor→ skeletal muscles

41
Q

autonomic nervous system sequence of events with release of NT’s

parsympathetic division

A

ANS Parasympathetic divison

CNS→neuron release ACh (in ganglion) →nicotinic ACh receptor→neuron →release ACh→muscarinic ACh receptor (g proteins)→smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells

42
Q

autonomic nervous system sequence of events with release of NT’s

sympathetic division

A

sympathetic division

CNS →neuron→ releases ACh (in ganglion)→binds to nicotinic Ach receptor→neuron→releases Norepinephrine→binds to adrenergic receptors→smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells (alpha-adranergic receptors)

or

CNS→neuron releases ACh (in adrenal medulla)→binds to nicotinic receptor→ACh released into bloodstream→epinephrine releases→ smooth or cardiac muscles, glands or other cells (beta-adrenergic receptors)

kin 131 (27 decks)

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