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kin 131 > endocrine 1.2 > Flashcards

endocrine 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

stretch reflex have different reflex arcs - patellar tendon*

A

stimulus on tendon

muscle spindle stretch and fire in quad

afferent path : AP travels through sensory neuron

sensory neuron synapses in spinal cord

2 different efferent paths : somatic motor neuron and interneuron

somatic motor neuron goes to quad and fires

interneuron inhibits somatic motor neuron going to hamstring (relaxes, reciprocal inhibition)

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2
Q

endocrine secretion regulation : negative feedback between 2 hormones

A

A produces hormone A which acts on tissue B that produces hormone b and stops A from making hormone A

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3
Q

negative feedback - between a hormone and a metabolite

A

tissue makes a hormone that increase the amount of compound which can be a metabolite, once the metabolite increases its going to stop the production of the original hormone

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4
Q

negative feedback between antagonistic pairs of hormones

A

2 hormones that are going to work with a compound or metabolite
eg. release glucagon when sugar level low to increase
release insulin when sugar levels high to decrease

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5
Q

positive feedforward

A

increase in estrogen cause positive feedforward to FSH and LH

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6
Q

hormone transport in blood - water solubility

A

most peptide and all catecholamine hormones are water-soluble
-dissolve in plasma

  • *steroid and thyroid hormones**
  • bound to large proteins so they are not water soluble
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7
Q

total hormone concentration in plasma

A

= free hormones + bound hormones

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8
Q

free hormones

A

only free hormones can diffuse out of capillaries and encounter its target cells

-free hormones are what we look at in tests

when hormones are attached to large proteins in the blood they have to dissolve all to enter into a cell

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9
Q

peptides and catecholamimes

A
  • free (unbound) in plasma
  • receptors on plasma membrane

signaling mechanisms :

most common signaling mechanisms

second messengers -cAMP, Ca, IP3

enzyme activation by receptor (JAK)

intrinsic enzymatic activity of receptor

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10
Q

steroid and thyroid hormones

A

protein bound in plasma

receptor in intracellular

signaling mechanisms :

-intracellular receptors directly alter gene transcription

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11
Q

hormones concentration in the plasma depends on

A
  • its rate of secretion by the endocrine gland
  • its rate of removal from the blood (metabolic transformation or excretion)
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12
Q

what happens after the hormone acts on the target tissue

A

we clear the hormone

can have dangerous effects from prolonged exposure to target tissue if we don’t clear

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13
Q

removal by excretion or metabolic transformation

A
  • by the liver, kidneys or cells it acts upon
  • enzymes in the blood and tissues rapidly breakdown catecholamine and peptide hormones

→ free vs protein-bound hormones (protein-bound hormones hard to get rid of)

-metabolism of a hormone can activate it instead of inactivating it

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14
Q

released hormone secreted gets to blood then…

A
  • excreted in urine/feces
  • inactivated by metabolism
  • bind to receptor and produce a cellular response
  • activated by metabolism
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15
Q

hormone receptors

A
  • in order for a response to a hormone, need the SPECIFIC receptors to be present on or in target cells
  • peptide hormones and catecholamines receptors on plasma membrane of target cells
  • steroid and thyroid hormone receptors locateed inside the target cells
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16
Q

regulation of hormone receptors

A

upregulate : increase number of a hormones receptors in a cell

→ because of prolonged exposure to low concentration of target tissue, we want to increase the sensitivity to the hormone

down-regulate : decrease the number of a hormones receptors in a cell

→ help prevent over stimulation

17
Q

permissiveness

A

your hormones can regulate its own receptors up and down regulation, but it can also up or down regulate another hormones receptor

  • thyroid hormone increases the number of beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell, which epinephrine attaches to
  • up-regulating so they become more sensitive to epinephrine
18
Q

effects of peptide hormones and catecholamines - activated receptor can directly influence..

A
  1. enzyme activity that is part of the receptor
  2. activity of cytoplasmic janus kinases associated with the receptor
  3. G proteins coupled in the plasma membrane to effector protein-ion channels and enzymes that generate 2nd messengers such as cAMP and Ca2+

can exert both rapid and slower actions on the same target cell

19
Q

enzyme activity that is part of the receptor

A

Enzyme activity is part of the receptor itself

first messenger binds to a specific receptor, has a conformational change to receptor so enymatic side is activated

  • results in phosphorylation of the receptor because it gets phosphate group from ATP
  • makes phosphotyrosine and acts as a docking site for cytoplasmic proteins
  • docking proteins climb behind to activate cells response to signalling pathway
20
Q

activity of cytoplasmic janus kinases associated with the receptor

A

janus kinase attached to receptor but not on it

  • first messenger (peptide hormone or catacolamine) makes conformational change to receptor
  • activation of janus kinase
  • will phosphorylate different target proteins by taking phosphate from ATP and adding it to proteins and activating them
  • results in a protein + ADP that carries out the cell’s response
21
Q

G proteins

A

G proteins coupled in the plasma membrane to effector proteins-ion channels and enzymes that generate 2nd messengers such as cAMP and Ca2+

-G proteins (alpha, beta, gamma) activate when first messenger binds

  • Alpha leaves when activated and binds to GTP lined to plasma membrane
  • leads to different events towards cell response such as secondary mesengers and change in membrane potential
21
Q

G proteins

A

G proteins coupled in the plasma membrane to effector proteins-ion channels and enzymes that generate 2nd messengers such as cAMP and Ca2+

-G proteins (alpha, beta, gamma) activate when first messenger binds

  • Alpha leaves when activated and binds to GTP lined to plasma membrane
  • leads to different events towards cell response such as secondary mesengers and change in membrane potential
22
Q

effects of steroid and thyroid hormone

A
  • leads to activation or inhibition of the transcription of particular genes
  • when we change the concentration of proteins, we see an activation or inhibition of particular processes the cell carries out or a change in the cell’s rate of protein secretion
  • receptors can be in nucleus or cytosol (will move to the nucleus)
  • binds to DNA to do gene transcription

kin 131 (27 decks)

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