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kin 131 > endocrine 1.4 > Flashcards

endocrine 1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary gland - components, connections

A

we have neural and vascular connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

-via the infundibulum : connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland, contains axons from neurons of the hypothalamus as well as blood vessels

anterior : is a gland

posterior : extension of neural components

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2
Q

posterior pituitary connections

A

have the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei that pass down the infundibulum
-(no connection between hypothalamus and ant pituitary)

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3
Q

median eminence

A

junction between hypothalamus and infundibulum

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4
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels (or portal vein)

A
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5
Q

posterior pituitary hormones : synthesize where? what are hormones it releases

A

-synthesized in the hypothalamus, specifically the cell bodies of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
-two hormones : oxytocin and vasopressin
neural extension of hypothalamus

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6
Q

oxytocin functions

A

1) contraction of smooth muscle cells in the breast which results in milk ejection during lactation
- positive feedback to increase more from suckling
2) contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells until the baby is born

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7
Q

vasopressin (or ADH)

A

released when high osmolality of water or low BP
-detected by hypothalamus and act on posterior pituitary to release vasopressin, goes towards nephron in kidneys and increases sodium retention and water retention
-water follows salt so if we retain salt we can retain water
-second mechanism is via carotid sinus receptors detecting low BP and release vasopressin
there is negative feedback to stop these from happening

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8
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones and the hypothalamus

A
  • hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones that control the secretion of all the anterior pituitary gland hormones
  • hypophysiotropic hormones : hypothalamic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary gland function (can be excitatory or inhibitory)
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9
Q

hypophysiotropic hormone

A

hypothalamic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary gland function (can be excitatory or inhibitory)

  • carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels to the anterior pituitary gland capillaries, into the interstitial fluid surrounding the various anterior pituitary gland cells
  • all hypophysiotropic hormones are the first in a 3 hormone sequence (except for DOPAMINE)
  • good to have a sequence bc it permits a variety of important hormonal feedback and amplification of response
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10
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

secretes 6 peptide hormones

  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. GH growth hormone
  4. TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. prolactine
  6. ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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11
Q

FSH and LH

A

known as gonadotropins effect on the gonads

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12
Q

FSH LH and GH

A

stimulate target cells to synthesize and secrete other hormones and additional functions

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13
Q

prolactin

A

no control over secretion of other hormones

-breast development and milk production in women

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14
Q

GH

A

liver and other cells secrete IGF-1

  • many organ and tissues do protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
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15
Q

TSH and ACTH

A

stimulate target cells to synthesize and secrete other hormones

-ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

TSH stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine and triodothyronine

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16
Q

similarities of anterior and posterior pituitary

A
  • secrete hormones in the same manner
  • are synthesized in cell bodies of the hypothalamic neurons
  • passed down axons to the neuron terminal
  • released in response to an AP
17
Q

anterior pituitary hormone sequence

A
  • hypophysiotropic hormones begin in the hypothalamus and end on the capillaries in the median eminence
  • hypophysiotropic hormones enter the capillaries in the median eminence and empty into the hypothalami-hypophyseal portal vessels which carry them to the cells of the anterior pituitary gland
18
Q

posterior pituitary hormone sequence

A
  • hypothalamic neurons that secrete hormones that leave the hypothalamus and end in the posterior pituitary
  • most capillaries into which the hormones are secreted are immediately drained into general circulation
19
Q

effect of portal vessels on concentration

A
  • portal vessels have a small amount of blood so we dont need to release a high amount of hormones to have a high concentration
  • if we release hormones from the hypothalamus directly into the general circulation we have to have a higher concentration
20
Q

hypothalamus releases hormones which have excitatory or inhibitory effects on Ant pit hormones*

A

GnRH, GHRH, SST, TRH, DA, CRH

21
Q

GnRH

A

excitatory effect on release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

22
Q

GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone and SST somatostatin effect on…

A

GHRH stimulates secretion of GH

SST inhibits GH

23
Q

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulates secretion of TSH

24
Q

which hypophysiotropic hormones are peptides which are catecholamines?

A

dopamine is a catecholamine

all of the others are peptides

25
Q

Dopamine

A

inhibits prolactin (-)

26
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

stimulates secretion of ACTH adrenocropticotropin hormone

27
Q

neural control of hypophysiotropic hormones

A

receives stimulatory and inhibitory input from all areas of the CNS

→ have specific neural pathways influence the secretion of individual hormones

NT ( catecholamine and seretonin) are released at synapses on the hypothalamic neurons

-Have circadian influence (24 hour cycle)

→ are linked to inputs from visual pathways that recognize the presence or absence of light eg. CRH

28
Q

GH release, effects, role of leptin

A

GHRH in hypothalamus which releases GH from ant pit

GH acts on bones for growth and repair, and on the liver to increase IGF-1 which increases growth

When we have too much GH, IGF-1 has a negative feedback on ant pit and hypothalamus to stop the circuit

Leptin affects GH, when we have a lot of fat leptin increased and appetite lowers. if you have too much leptin it will impair your bone function

29
Q

episodic endocrine secretion - diurnal rhythm (cortisol)

A

durnal : day and night

cortisol increases at 4am peaks at 6am. regulated with day and night patterns

naps do not increase cortisol

30
Q

episodic endocrine secretion - ultradian (GnRH)

A

minutes or hours

GnRH increases by the hour

LH peaks every 1 or 2 hours as well

31
Q

hormonal feedback control of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

negative feedback loops

long loop negative feedback : exerted onto the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary gland by the 3rd hormone in sequence

short loop negative feedback : exerted by the anterior pituitary gland hormone on the hypothalamus

32
Q

nonsequence hormones on the hypothalamus and ant pit gland

A

have many stimulatory and inhibitory hormonal influences on the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary gland other than those from a feedback loop

example : estradiol and prolactin

kin 131 (27 decks)

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