Lecture 6 Flashcards
What % of Canadas population is Latin, central or south America?
First generation (58.1%) Second generation (35.4%) Third generation (6.5%)
What can hispanic be associated with?
Born in Latin America
Spanish surnames
Spanish speaking
What is the background of most people from Mexico?
> 80% are mestizos
-Mixed Indigenous and Spanish ancestry
What is a chicano/chicana?
those born in the US/Canada
- Assimilation not uncommon
- May consider themselves white or American/Canadian
- Biracial relationships and marriages commonplace
What is thee dominant religion in Mexico?
Majority are Roman Catholic
~81% in Mexico
Less post-immigration
Protestantism also practice
What is the family structure like in Mexican families?
Family is an extremely important social unit
Well-being of family comes before needs of individual
Eldest male usually considered head of household
-Machismo – “manhood”
Elders are highly respected; grandparents heavily involved in family dynamic
Children are cherished
Expectation of unity and working together
What are the traditional health pracrices in Mexico?
Combination of Indigenous supernatural rituals and
European folk medicine
Health is considered a gift from God
-Prayer considered a necessary component of healing process
Illness caused by outside forces
Healthcare sought in hierarchical order
What is the hierarchical order for traditional medicine in Mexican culture?
Senoras/Abuelas – Mothers, grandmothers, wives, older females considered health experts in family
Home remedies tried before seeking outside care
Traditional herbal remedies, homeopathic cures, etc.
Curandero – traditional healer
What do Mexicans believe illness to be caused by?
Excessive emotion – e.g., Susto, Espanto, Envidia
Dislocation of organs – e.g., Caida de la mollera
Magic – e.g., Mal de ojo
Imbalance of hot and cold – e.g., Empacho
An Anglo disease – e.g., Pneumonia, appendicitis
What are the traditional Mexican foods?
Aztec Foods
Corn, tomatoes, beans, cocoa were available and considered staples prior to the arrival of the Spanish
Corn considered a staple grain
Legumes, fruits, vegetables
Spanish influence led to other ingredients:
Garlic, onions, rice, sugarcane, wheat, cinnamon, hogs
Introduction to distillation of alcohol – tequila and mescal
What aree Mexican staple foods?
Tortilla Beans One dish meals Meats (pork beef) Stuffed foods Eggs in desserts Coffee
What is the hottest pepper?
Drying chilies increases heat
Pure Capsaicin considered the hottest
What are the 7 nations of Central America?
Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama
What is the family structure like in Central America?
Mother and father defined as structure in family
- Father is head of household
- Shared decision making
Daughters given great attention and control when raised
What are the traditional beliefs of Central American?
Good health consists of diet high in vegetables/fruit, fresh air, and normal hours
Structured exercise less valued
Thinness is viewed as unhealthy and ‘sickly’
Health is a gift from God
- Prayer used to restore harmony during illness
- Diseases sent by Satan to punish nonbelievers
Balance of hot and cold
Susto and Cólera believed to cause hypertension
Large use of botanical medicine
What are traditional foods of Central America?
Northern nations influenced by Indigenous dishes
Southern nations influenced by European (Spanish) and African influences
Eastern coast share similarities to Caribbean Islands
Rice introduced from Spanish
Beans are a daily staple
Corn used mainly in tortillas
What are traditional foods of El Salvador?
Pupusas
French bread with turkey and pickled vegetables
Foods commonly fried and feature corn, beans, tomatoes, chilies, turkey
What are traditional foods of Guatemala?
Mixtas
Stews thickened with toasted squash seeds
Achiote is a common spice used
What are traditional foods of Nicaragua?
Tamales
Empanadas
Mondongo stew (tripe stew)
Iguana consumed by some Indigenous people
Juice of sour oranges mixed with sweet peppers or mint commonly used for flavour
What are traditional foods of Costa Rica?
Simmered foods with cilantro, thyme, oregano, onion, garlic, pimento
What types of foods are common in all Central American countries?
Soups and stews common throughout all countries usually using
Beef + plantains + cassava + coconut milk
Pork + white bean stew
Chicken + fruit wine
What are meal patterns like in Central America?
Beans and corn are cornerstones in the diet
-Especially for low SES
Wealthier groups may include soup, meat/poultry, tortillas/bread, and special garnishes
Appetizers common in urban areas prior to dinner
Dessert includes custards, ice creams, fritters, cakes
What are Central American celebrations based on?
Focused on Catholic holidays
Christmas, Easter, Lent, All Saints Day, Sunday
What is hot cold theory?
Hot-cold theory practiced by some
-In Guatemala, some believe diarrhea is caused by hot water and can be counterbalanced by drinking a cold beverage
What other foods are used for therapeutic uses?
Herbal remedies very common, especially tea
Avocado, garlic, ginseng, and valleriana used for hypertension and diabetes
Coco leaves for medicinal us
What barriers in counselling are there when it comes to those who speak other languages?
Language
Accessibility
Differing beliefs (e.g., will of God vs. biomedicine)
SES
What should you never tell your clients?
Avoid discouraging consumption of traditional foods
-Focus on other areas of improvement (e.g., portions, cooking methods, etc.)
What does the Caribbean include?
Bahamas
Turks and Caicos
Cayman Islands
The Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)
The Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, and Grenada)
Which Caribbean countries speak English at home?
Caribbean Islanders are more likely to speak English at home (32%) compared to South America (15%), Central America (7%), Mexico (3%)
What is the main religion in thee Caribbean?
Roman Catholicism is main religion
Large variation
Other religions:
- Protestantism
- Judaism
- Voodooism (e.g., Santeria in Cuba and Puerto Rico)
- Rastafari
What is the family structure like in Puerto Rico?
Compadrazgo = co-parenting with various family members
Grandparents, uncles/aunts, cousins, godparents considered immediate family
Men are heads of household; women maintain the home
Elders are respected
Roles may change post-immigration
What is the family structure like in Haiti ?
Common-law marriage common
Placaj - Acceptable for a man to head multiple households
Gender roles are inflexible
What are the traditional health beliefs of the Caribbean?
Similar to Latin American cultures
- Illness is a punishment of God
- Strong belief in fate
Promesa
Influence of the devil – common in Haiti and Dominican Republic
Susto, Nervios, mal de ojo – Puerto Rico
What are the different nervios?
Nervios can come in many forms:
- Ser nervioso
- Padecer de los nervios;
- Ataques de nervios
What are the traditional health beliefs of Haiti?
Blood flow a large focus for hot and cold theory
Blood irregularities: Hot, cold, weak, thin, thick, dirty, yellow
Febles – insufficient blood (i.e., anemia)
Sezisman – disruption of normal blood flow due to trauma
Red vegetables/fruit believed to strengthen blood
Gaz – gas may settle between ears (headache); stomach (indigestion) etc.
Mal dyok – Evil Eye
How are most traditional health beliefs managed?
Most mild conditions are managed by elder women knowledgeable in herbal and spiritual healings
Serious conditions may require external assistance
Supernatural causes may use cures linked to voodoo or Santeria
What are the traditional health practices in the Caribbean?
Good hygiene Exercise Decrease stress Sleep hygiene Good diet (low in red meat, “junk” food) Avoidance of negative people Use of laxatives or enemas Herbal teas
What is Caribbean food influenced by?
Indigenous, Spanish, British, Dutch, French, Danes, Indian, Chinese, and African cultures
What are indigenous staples in the Caribbean?
Vegetables/fruit – cassava, tapioca, acerola, avocados, bananas, plantains, cashew apples, cocoa, coconuts, corn, guava, malanga, mammee apples, pineapple, sapodilla, soursop, squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes
Fish, small birds
What kind of food did foreign influences bring to the Caribbean?
Spanish brought cattle, hogs, goats, sheep, ginger, nutmeg, mace
African slaves brought akee, yams, okra, and taro
Asian influence brought soybean products, Asian vegetables, lentils, and tamarind
What are meal patterns like in the Caribbean?
Emphasis on starchy vegetables + rice, beans, meat
Stews and soups are common
Low SES
-Cassava, tomatoes, chili, salted fish
3 meals per day except Haiti
What are the therapeutic uses of food in the Caribbean?
Hot-cold theory heavily followed
Balance of hot and cold meals
Herbal remedies
Foods for treatment
What to Caribbeans respect when going to counselling?
Respect extremely valued
Expressional and touching
Eye contact varies
Prescription medication
Potential language barrier
What are the 12 countries of the South America?
Argentina Brazil Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
What is the main religion in south america?
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
In Peru, Incan gods may be incorporated into
Catholicism
Cult of Maria Lionza
Candomblé
What is the family structure like in South America?
Large focus on extended family
Typically male is head of household
Mother makes large decisions
What are the traditional health beliefs of South America?
Faith and health commonly connected
Common practices include:
-Homeopathy, exorcism, acupuncture, yoga, etc.
-Candomblé find balance between earthly and spiritual spheres
Use of herbal teas very common
What are the staples of South America?
Corn Tomatoes Chile Cassava (yuca) Coffee
Pumpkins, bananas, plantains, beef, rice, onions, sweet potatoes, beans
Apio/arracha, Oca, Yacon, Ahipa
Seafood around coastal regions
Indigenous foods: Llama, deer, wild pig, rabbit, capybara, tapir, cuy
What are the meal patterns of South America?
Influenced by SES
- 3 meals per day for mid-to-high SES
- Small breakfast, large dinner for low SES
Lunch is usually the main meal
Appetizers usually start the meal, followed by a meat-based or seafood-based meal
Afternoon breaks common to have coffee
What are the celebrations of South America?
Mainly follow Catholic and Christian faith
-Christmas, Easter, Lent, St. John’s Day, All Soul’s Day
Carnival
Independence days
What are the therapeutic uses of food in south America?
Candomblé orixas linked to certain foods
-Honour of deity through consumption of foods
What is the counselling like for South America?
Formality is preferred
Direct eye contact, except Colombia
Polychronistic
Eldest should be introduced first
Punctuality and respect valued
