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Food and Culture > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What % of Canadas population is Latin, central or south America?

A 
First generation (58.1%)
Second generation (35.4%)
Third generation (6.5%)
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2
Q

What can hispanic be associated with?

A

Born in Latin America
Spanish surnames
Spanish speaking

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3
Q

What is the background of most people from Mexico?

A

> 80% are mestizos

-Mixed Indigenous and Spanish ancestry

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4
Q

What is a chicano/chicana?

A

those born in the US/Canada

  • Assimilation not uncommon
  • May consider themselves white or American/Canadian
  • Biracial relationships and marriages commonplace
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5
Q

What is thee dominant religion in Mexico?

A

Majority are Roman Catholic
~81% in Mexico
Less post-immigration
Protestantism also practice

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6
Q

What is the family structure like in Mexican families?

A

Family is an extremely important social unit

Well-being of family comes before needs of individual

Eldest male usually considered head of household
-Machismo – “manhood”

Elders are highly respected; grandparents heavily involved in family dynamic

Children are cherished

Expectation of unity and working together

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7
Q

What are the traditional health pracrices in Mexico?

A

Combination of Indigenous supernatural rituals and
European folk medicine

Health is considered a gift from God
-Prayer considered a necessary component of healing process

Illness caused by outside forces

Healthcare sought in hierarchical order

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8
Q

What is the hierarchical order for traditional medicine in Mexican culture?

A

Senoras/Abuelas – Mothers, grandmothers, wives, older females considered health experts in family

Home remedies tried before seeking outside care

Traditional herbal remedies, homeopathic cures, etc.

Curandero – traditional healer

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9
Q

What do Mexicans believe illness to be caused by?

A

Excessive emotion – e.g., Susto, Espanto, Envidia

Dislocation of organs – e.g., Caida de la mollera

Magic – e.g., Mal de ojo

Imbalance of hot and cold – e.g., Empacho

An Anglo disease – e.g., Pneumonia, appendicitis

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10
Q

What are the traditional Mexican foods?

A

Aztec Foods
Corn, tomatoes, beans, cocoa were available and considered staples prior to the arrival of the Spanish
Corn considered a staple grain
Legumes, fruits, vegetables

Spanish influence led to other ingredients:
Garlic, onions, rice, sugarcane, wheat, cinnamon, hogs
Introduction to distillation of alcohol – tequila and mescal

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11
Q

What aree Mexican staple foods?

A 
Tortilla
Beans
One dish meals
Meats (pork beef)
Stuffed foods
Eggs in desserts
Coffee
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12
Q

What is the hottest pepper?

A

Drying chilies increases heat

Pure Capsaicin considered the hottest

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13
Q

What are the 7 nations of Central America?

A

Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama

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14
Q

What is the family structure like in Central America?

A

Mother and father defined as structure in family

  • Father is head of household
  • Shared decision making

Daughters given great attention and control when raised

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15
Q

What are the traditional beliefs of Central American?

A

Good health consists of diet high in vegetables/fruit, fresh air, and normal hours

Structured exercise less valued

Thinness is viewed as unhealthy and ‘sickly’

Health is a gift from God

  • Prayer used to restore harmony during illness
  • Diseases sent by Satan to punish nonbelievers

Balance of hot and cold

Susto and Cólera believed to cause hypertension

Large use of botanical medicine

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16
Q

What are traditional foods of Central America?

A

Northern nations influenced by Indigenous dishes

Southern nations influenced by European (Spanish) and African influences

Eastern coast share similarities to Caribbean Islands

Rice introduced from Spanish

Beans are a daily staple

Corn used mainly in tortillas

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17
Q

What are traditional foods of El Salvador?

A

Pupusas

French bread with turkey and pickled vegetables

Foods commonly fried and feature corn, beans, tomatoes, chilies, turkey

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18
Q

What are traditional foods of Guatemala?

A

Mixtas

Stews thickened with toasted squash seeds

Achiote is a common spice used

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19
Q

What are traditional foods of Nicaragua?

A

Tamales
Empanadas
Mondongo stew (tripe stew)
Iguana consumed by some Indigenous people
Juice of sour oranges mixed with sweet peppers or mint commonly used for flavour

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20
Q

What are traditional foods of Costa Rica?

A

Simmered foods with cilantro, thyme, oregano, onion, garlic, pimento

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21
Q

What types of foods are common in all Central American countries?

A

Soups and stews common throughout all countries usually using

Beef + plantains + cassava + coconut milk

Pork + white bean stew

Chicken + fruit wine

22
Q

What are meal patterns like in Central America?

A

Beans and corn are cornerstones in the diet
-Especially for low SES

Wealthier groups may include soup, meat/poultry, tortillas/bread, and special garnishes

Appetizers common in urban areas prior to dinner

Dessert includes custards, ice creams, fritters, cakes

23
Q

What are Central American celebrations based on?

A

Focused on Catholic holidays

Christmas, Easter, Lent, All Saints Day, Sunday

24
Q

What is hot cold theory?

A

Hot-cold theory practiced by some

-In Guatemala, some believe diarrhea is caused by hot water and can be counterbalanced by drinking a cold beverage

25
Q

What other foods are used for therapeutic uses?

A

Herbal remedies very common, especially tea

Avocado, garlic, ginseng, and valleriana used for hypertension and diabetes

Coco leaves for medicinal us

26
Q

What barriers in counselling are there when it comes to those who speak other languages?

A

Language
Accessibility
Differing beliefs (e.g., will of God vs. biomedicine)
SES

27
Q

What should you never tell your clients?

A

Avoid discouraging consumption of traditional foods

-Focus on other areas of improvement (e.g., portions, cooking methods, etc.)

28
Q

What does the Caribbean include?

A

Bahamas

Turks and Caicos

Cayman Islands

The Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)

The Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, and Grenada)

29
Q

Which Caribbean countries speak English at home?

A

Caribbean Islanders are more likely to speak English at home (32%) compared to South America (15%), Central America (7%), Mexico (3%)

30
Q

What is the main religion in thee Caribbean?

A

Roman Catholicism is main religion

Large variation

Other religions:

  • Protestantism
  • Judaism
  • Voodooism (e.g., Santeria in Cuba and Puerto Rico)
  • Rastafari
31
Q

What is the family structure like in Puerto Rico?

A

Compadrazgo = co-parenting with various family members

Grandparents, uncles/aunts, cousins, godparents considered immediate family

Men are heads of household; women maintain the home

Elders are respected

Roles may change post-immigration

32
Q

What is the family structure like in Haiti ?

A

Common-law marriage common

Placaj - Acceptable for a man to head multiple households

Gender roles are inflexible

33
Q

What are the traditional health beliefs of the Caribbean?

A

Similar to Latin American cultures

  • Illness is a punishment of God
  • Strong belief in fate

Promesa

Influence of the devil – common in Haiti and Dominican Republic

Susto, Nervios, mal de ojo – Puerto Rico

34
Q

What are the different nervios?

A

Nervios can come in many forms:

  • Ser nervioso
  • Padecer de los nervios;
  • Ataques de nervios
35
Q

What are the traditional health beliefs of Haiti?

A

Blood flow a large focus for hot and cold theory

Blood irregularities: Hot, cold, weak, thin, thick, dirty, yellow

Febles – insufficient blood (i.e., anemia)

Sezisman – disruption of normal blood flow due to trauma

Red vegetables/fruit believed to strengthen blood

Gaz – gas may settle between ears (headache); stomach (indigestion) etc.

Mal dyok – Evil Eye

36
Q

How are most traditional health beliefs managed?

A

Most mild conditions are managed by elder women knowledgeable in herbal and spiritual healings

Serious conditions may require external assistance

Supernatural causes may use cures linked to voodoo or Santeria

37
Q

What are the traditional health practices in the Caribbean?

A 
Good hygiene
Exercise
Decrease stress
Sleep hygiene
Good diet (low in red meat, “junk” food)
Avoidance of negative people
Use of laxatives or enemas
Herbal teas
38
Q

What is Caribbean food influenced by?

A

Indigenous, Spanish, British, Dutch, French, Danes, Indian, Chinese, and African cultures

39
Q

What are indigenous staples in the Caribbean?

A

Vegetables/fruit – cassava, tapioca, acerola, avocados, bananas, plantains, cashew apples, cocoa, coconuts, corn, guava, malanga, mammee apples, pineapple, sapodilla, soursop, squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes
Fish, small birds

40
Q

What kind of food did foreign influences bring to the Caribbean?

A

Spanish brought cattle, hogs, goats, sheep, ginger, nutmeg, mace

African slaves brought akee, yams, okra, and taro

Asian influence brought soybean products, Asian vegetables, lentils, and tamarind

41
Q

What are meal patterns like in the Caribbean?

A

Emphasis on starchy vegetables + rice, beans, meat

Stews and soups are common

Low SES
-Cassava, tomatoes, chili, salted fish

3 meals per day except Haiti

42
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of food in the Caribbean?

A

Hot-cold theory heavily followed
Balance of hot and cold meals

Herbal remedies

Foods for treatment

43
Q

What to Caribbeans respect when going to counselling?

A

Respect extremely valued

Expressional and touching

Eye contact varies

Prescription medication

Potential language barrier

44
Q

What are the 12 countries of the South America?

A 
Argentina
Brazil
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
45
Q

What is the main religion in south america?

A

Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

In Peru, Incan gods may be incorporated into

Catholicism

Cult of Maria Lionza

Candomblé

46
Q

What is the family structure like in South America?

A

Large focus on extended family

Typically male is head of household

Mother makes large decisions

47
Q

What are the traditional health beliefs of South America?

A

Faith and health commonly connected

Common practices include:
-Homeopathy, exorcism, acupuncture, yoga, etc.

-Candomblé find balance between earthly and spiritual spheres

Use of herbal teas very common

48
Q

What are the staples of South America?

A 
Corn
Tomatoes
Chile
Cassava (yuca)
Coffee

Pumpkins, bananas, plantains, beef, rice, onions, sweet potatoes, beans

Apio/arracha, Oca, Yacon, Ahipa

Seafood around coastal regions

Indigenous foods: Llama, deer, wild pig, rabbit, capybara, tapir, cuy

49
Q

What are the meal patterns of South America?

A

Influenced by SES

  • 3 meals per day for mid-to-high SES
  • Small breakfast, large dinner for low SES

Lunch is usually the main meal

Appetizers usually start the meal, followed by a meat-based or seafood-based meal

Afternoon breaks common to have coffee

50
Q

What are the celebrations of South America?

A

Mainly follow Catholic and Christian faith
-Christmas, Easter, Lent, St. John’s Day, All Soul’s Day

Carnival

Independence days

51
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of food in south America?

A

Candomblé orixas linked to certain foods

-Honour of deity through consumption of foods

52
Q

What is the counselling like for South America?

A

Formality is preferred

Direct eye contact, except Colombia

Polychronistic

Eldest should be introduced first

Punctuality and respect valued

Food and Culture (8 decks)

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