Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food and Culture > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which is better, boomed or alternative med?

A

As a healthcare professional, neither is better, need to use both to help your client at the end of the day

Other cultures have been using traditional meds for thousands of years so need to be mindful of that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What I biomed based on?

A

Based on principles of natural sciences:
Biochemistry
Biology
Physiology

Scientific findings through research (e.g., nutrition, exercise, smoking, mental health)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is biomed diseases treated?

A

Disease treated through latest technology and medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is biomed commonly practiced?

A

In North America/Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is CAM?

A

Complementary Alternative Medicine

Practices that may go against current research

May be difficult to prove efficacy
“Pseudomedicine”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of CAM?

A 
Chiropractic
Osteopath
Massage
Meditation
Acupuncture
Natural health products (NHPs)
-Some of these are more common for other people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do we have to be mindful of as HCPs in terms of CAM?

A

Some HC people are incorporating these into their care plans

Just because it isnt proven doesn’t mean it doesn’t work

If someone if finind relif and causing no harm can be use along side biomed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Has there been an increase in CAM?

A

Significant increase over recent decade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is integrative medicine?

A

Combination of conventional medicine and CAM

Large trend towards this

“Holistic” approaches becoming extremely popular

In the eyes of some doctors, nutrition may be considered alternative medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does holistic mean?

A

Holistic: embracing multiple aspects of health

Need to take back the meaning of the word and not disown it

Controversy If scientifically sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do cultures interpret health?

A

Each culture can define health differently

Treatment and definition of illness vary based on:

  • Etiology of Illness, how it came about (personal, natural, social, or supernatural)
  • Cures that are employed (therapeutic substances, physical forces, or magico-religious interventions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cultural worldview?

A

Cultural groups have unique outlooks on life

Vary based on ranking of values

Individuals may have their own spectrum of beliefs congruent or different from their culture’s beliefs

Westernized countries tend to have individualistic worldview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In Western cultures, what does the society value?

A

Personal control over the environment

Human equality

Youth

Directness/openness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In other cultures, what does the society value?

A

Fate

Hierarch/rank/status

Elders

Indirectness/ritual ‘face’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do many cultures /religions belive is the root of illness?

A

Fate is the primary influence in health and illness
-“Will of God”
Interference not intended by God

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 main options for intervention when a culture/religion believe sit is fate or god for this illness?

A

Limited interventions for certain cultural groups

  • Belief in reincarnation, afterlife
  • Allow natural progression of death

Other cultures may belief in aggressive approach

  • DNR viewed as murder
  • Death is in God’s hands, therefore there is always hope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cultural imposition?

A

Tendency for health care practitioners to enforce personal beliefs, practices, and values upon clients

Ethnocentric viewpoint

Where biomed and CAM debate starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main goal of the biomed world view?

A

Mastery over nature
“Defeat” natural illnesses

Health by numbers
E.g., BMI, blood values, diagnostic tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when there are symptoms that cannot be linked to diagnosis in the biomes world view?

A

Symptoms that cannot be linked to diagnosis tend to be dismissed as psychosomatic

Belief in biomedical cause for every condition
-Fate rarely considered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of the biomed world view?

A

State of being

  • Clients are expected to comply
  • Change in lifestyle
  • Biomedical emphasis of doing, not being

Role of the individual

  • Confidentiality is essential – even from family
  • Treatment rarely involves other members

Human Equality
-All patients deserve equal access to care
-Other societies may decide care based on rationality (i.e., chances of survival, age, SES)
Exception: Medical hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the biomed world view on aging?

A

Value of youthfulness

Goal to post-pone aging through natural and medical interventions (e.g., plastic surgery, Botox)

Other societies value honour and wisdom associated with aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the biomed world view on time?

A

“What can be done today so the client will be better tomorrow”

Lateness is frowned upon – unless it’s from the healthcare professional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the biomed world view on formality/directness?

A

Limited small talk, to the point

Expectation of honestly, open communication to increase ability to diagnose and treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the biomed world view on materialism?

A

Clinical significance dominates - social or emotional issues addressed by other professionals
-refer to different areas

Mind-body duality, rather than the whole (both separated vs connected)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the WHO definition of health?

A

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”

Ignores natural, spiritual, and supernatural dimensions of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can ones health have an impact on others?

A

One’s health and its impact on others

  • Fear of burdening children
  • Pain is not masculine or for the weak

May change based on SES
-Low SES may “deal with it” in order to make ends meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the characteristics associated with being healthy?

A 
Weight maintenance
Hair sheen
Skin colour (i.e., pallor)
Menstruation (pre-menopause)
Regular BM
Normotensive 
Motor skills
Energized/Good sleep habits
Infrequent colds/illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does health attributes vary form culture to culture?

A

In North American societies, “healthy” hair is clean, free of dandruff, and soft

In other societies, oily hair and dandruff are normal and not an indication of poor health

North American societies view pregnancy as a medical condition, warranting regular doctors appointments and exams

Other societies have limited prenatal care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the thin ideal?

A

Westernized countries prefer thinness, although this is changing

Other cultures believe thinness is an indication of sickness/disease

Views may change based on geographical relocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is there a word for min-body unity in NA?

A

Physical and emotional/psychological health is so distant in North American culture that there is no word for mind-body unity
-So we associate the 2 of them separately

31
Q

What are generally accepted health habits?

A

Healthy diet, rest, and cleanliness defined as good health practices worldwide

The definition of these practices vary

32
Q

What are the health promoting food habits?

A

Usually defined as the most important way to maintain health

Almost all cultures define certain foods as “health-promoting” (but vary depending on the food)

Food May provide mind-body balance and benefits to both

33
Q

In Canada what is used ass a guideline for good health?

A

Canadas food guide

-Heavily criticized for lack of cultural representation, influence from industry

34
Q

What does the western “ideal” diet look like?

A

Diet high in V/F

Protein-rich

Limited sugar, fat, salt, alcohol

Dietary supplements

35
Q

What is the Yin and Yang diet based on?

A

Mainly practice in China and surrounding countries

Balance of foods classified as Yin (raw, soothing, cooked at low temperatures, white/light green) and Yang (high kcal, high heat, spicy, red-orange-yellow in colour)

Believe to avoid extremes

Staple foods (e.g., rice) are believe to be neutral

36
Q

What can be vied as a sign of good health?

A

eating large volumes of food

37
Q

What is the sympathetic quality of food?

A

food that looks like a human organ or body part

38
Q

What is an illness?

A

weakness, pain/discomfort, emotional distress, or physical debilitation that may prevent a person from fulfilling responsibilities to family or society

Perceptions or and reaction to physical or psychological condition

Caused by disease, malfunctioning body organs and systems

39
Q

What is a sickness?

A

The entire disease-illness process; cultural consensus of definition may vary

How the person became sick, whole process from tart to finish

Symptoms experienced

How it is cured

40
Q

In some cultures how is the seriousness of an illness determined?

A

by elder (e.g., mother, grandmother, knowledgeable family member)

Decision to seek help from medical professional
-Based on the consultation with this fam member you go to the professional

41
Q

What is the role of a sick person?

A

Social legitimization of sickness

New role as the ‘sick person’

Sick person is usually excused from daily roles, social activities, and religious duties

Temporary respite from physical and psychological burdens of life to allow for healing

42
Q

What is the explanatory model?

A

Unexpected events warrant reason and explanation of origin/cause

Sickness : Cause of disease, perception of symptoms, healing treatments, why others do not get sick

43
Q

According to biomed, what are the 3 main causes of sickness?

A

Immediate causes (toxins, tumors, physical injury, bacterial/viral infection)

Underlying causes (smoking, hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance, nutritional deficiencies)- more chronic

Ultimate causes (genetic predisposition, obesity, environmental stresses)

44
Q

What are the 4 aspects of the ethology of sickness (4 ways to get sick?

A 
The patient
The natural world
The social world
The supernatural world
-these etiologies may not be embraced by every culture
45
Q

What is meant by the sickness due to the patient?

A

Genetic or lifestyle-related

Genetic Examples:
BRCA1 > Breast cancer susceptibility
Crohn’s disease > Ashkenazi Jews

Lifestyle Examples:
Overeating > Obesity
Smoking > Lung cancer
Not wearing a seatbelt > Injury from car accident

Blame often placed on the patient, without appreciation of external causes (e.g., obesogenic environment)

46
Q

What is meant by the sickness due to the natural world?

A 
Involves environmental elements:
Weather
Allergens
Pollution
Smoke
Toxins
Viruses/bacteria
Wind or bad air > through pores, orifices, wounds 
-all to cause illness
47
Q

What is meant by the sickness due to the social world?

A

Sickness due to interpersonal conflict

Blaming an enemy for pain

The Evil Eye:

  • When a person stares at another person with envy, resulting in harm
  • Widely believed in Asia, Europe, Africa, Greece, Middle East
  • Children believed to be vulnerable (colic, crying, hiccups)
  • Adults experience headaches, malaise, impotency, birth complications, etc.

Conjury
-Ability to invoke supernatural forces
E.g., voodoo, witchcraft

48
Q

What is meant by the sickness due to the supernatural world?

A

Sickness caused by gods, spirits, or ghosts of ancestors

Will of God
-Judaism, Christians, Muslims

Sickness may be considered a form of punishment

Malevolent spirits may attack a person

Spiritual possession

  • Evil spirit inhabits a body
  • Catholics believe in exorcisms
  • Which causes them pain or to act out in certain ways

Loss of soul
-Usually due to emotional distress or spirit possession

49
Q

In the 4 ways of how to get sick, where does traditional med and biomed start to separate?

A

Sickness due to social world

50
Q

What is a folk illness?

A

Culture-bound illnesses

Susto/Espanto

  • Soul loss according to Latinos
  • Asians, Indigenous people, Pacific Islanders, South Asians commonly believe in loss of soul

Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Syndrome (SUNDS)
-Death caused by evil spirits (Cambodia)

Burning of soles of feet
-Experience of severe stress (India)

Empacho
-Feeling of food stuck in stomach (Mexico)

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
-Some believe these conditions to be culture-based in Westernized societies due to drive for thinness, control over body, body image

51
Q

What is heal thing?

A

“Addresses the illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick patient even when the disease is not evident”

Responds to personal, familial, and social issues

Biomedicine:
Focuses more on diagnosing and treating the disease

52
Q

How do most people seek care?

A

Route of care may depend on patient’s perception of severity

Home remedies are usually first step of care

Once ineffective, further care may be sought out

“Healing” dependent on several factors

53
Q

What is healing dependent on?

A 
Price
Availability
Accessibility
Previous experiences
Referrals by friends/family members
How the patient perceives the problem
Type of healing required 
-Type of illness would have to go to the appropriate illness s they believe they have.
-Having musltiple healters is common
54
Q

What are home remedies?

A

herbal teas, vitamins, meditation, relaxation, essential oils

55
Q

What are popular therapies?

A

Chiropractic, homeopathy, hypnosis, massage, IV therapy

-not all backed by science

56
Q

What are professional practices?

A

Requires extensive academic training in conventionally recognized medical systems, such as biomedicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and ayurvedic medicine
-some May be approached and appreciated more tan others

57
Q

Which 3 categories do all healing therapies fall under?

A

Administration of therapeutic substances

Application of physical forces or devices

Magico-religious intervention

58
Q

What kinds of therapeutic substances can be administered?

A

Biomed medication and diet perscriptions

Botanical med

Homeopathy

Naturopathic medicine

59
Q

What are botanical meds?

A

Often used by health professionals outside of biomedicine

Focus on whole plants, herbs, and parts of animals (e.g., organs, mineralized powders)

Chinese medicine or ayurvedic medicine

60
Q

What is homeopathy?

A

Belief that symptoms of an illness are evidence that the body is curing itself

Exaggeration of symptoms speeds healing; “like cures like”

Widely debated and criticized

61
Q

What is naturopathic medicine?

A

Helping the body heal itself using non-invasive natural treatments and physical manipulations

Nutritional therapy is the foundation of naturopathic health maintenance and healing

Growing in popularity

Taking over nutrition and claiming they are experts

62
Q

What re kinds of applications of physical force/devices?

A 
Chiropractic
Osteopathic
Asian Healing practices
Physio
Hydrotherapy
63
Q

What is the theory behind chiropractic?

A

The misalignments of the spine interfere with the nervous system, interrupting the natural intelligence that regulates the body, resulting in disease and disorder”

64
Q

What is osteopathic medicine?

A

Blood, lymph, and nerve function improve through manipulation of musculoskeletal system

65
Q

What are Asian heathen practices?

A

used to release vital energy flow

Massage therapy, acupuncture, pinching/scratching techniques, cupping – common among athletes

66
Q

What is physiotherapy?

A

Use of electrotherapy for injury

May be used by other professionals for alleviating GI upset, chronic pain, insomnia, etc.

67
Q

What is hydrotherapy?

A

Use of bath, shower, saunas, hot tubs, steam rooms, etc. to relieve discomfort, asthma, hypertension, clear pores, etc.

68
Q

What are the 2 categories of magic-religious interventions?

A

Action by the individual

Action by the sacred healer

69
Q

What are the differences in magic-religious interventions between western and eastern religions?

A

Western religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam):
God has control over life and death
Life according to God’s will
E.g., Catholics make appeals to saints for specific ailments (St. Joseph for terminal illness)

Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism)
Correct conduct in this and past lives
Religious offerings
Healing occurs through restoration of balance

70
Q

What are individual healing practices from magic-relisous interventions?

A

Meditation:Finding focus within the mind, deep breathing

Yoga:Calms the mind, control of breathing and use ot systematic poses to promote mind and body being one

Visualization/guided imagery:Induced relaxation and targeting away of health problems

71
Q

What are sacred healing practices?

A 
Prayers
Blessings
Chanting, singing
Charms
Conjuring 
Use of therapeutic substances
Application of physical cures 
-done by a sacred healer
72
Q

What is medical pluralism?

A

“Consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems”

Low SES and high SES have been found to rely on this
-Increasingly popular among high SES

73
Q

What are many patients doing in terms of their healing?

A

In many cases, patients are using more than one route of healing
-Underreporting is a massive issue

Health care practitioners must be open to alternative practices :

  • Avoid offending the client
  • Develop trusting relationship
  • Awareness of drug-nutrient/drug-drug/nutrient-nutrient interactions

Issue with contradictory information
-Patient may be left confused on which treatment is “right”

74
Q

What are the 3 aspects of transcultural during theorys?

A

Cultural care preservation and/or maintenance

Cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation

Cultural care repatterning or restructuring

Food and Culture (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions