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Food and Culture > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of religion?

A

To explain the inexplicable

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2
Q

What plays the main important role in most religions?

A

Food

Dietary practices differ within a religious group, therefore stereotyping should be avoided

Every person has the right to practice their religion of choice, or none at all

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3
Q

Why do we need to know about religious dietary restrictions?

A

As a working professional, you will interact with all kinds of people

Canada represents a diverse population with many practiced religions

Important to understand the implications of one’s religion in terms of food choices

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4
Q

What are the top 3 religions in Canada?

A

catholic, protenstant, orthodox,

24% of canadiana don’t identify with a religion

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5
Q

What are the main western religions?

A

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the most prevalent religions in the Western world

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6
Q

What are characteristics of western religions?

A

Originated in the Middle East

Worship of a single God (monotheism) that is omnipotent
-Capable of anything

Belief that life is everlasting, but humans will be held accountable for their actions in this lifetime

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7
Q

What is Judaism?

A

Estimated to be 4,000 years old

Established when Abraham received God’s early covenant with the Jews

Originally a nation and religion – Jerusalem

  • Destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE
  • Birth of Israel in 1948
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8
Q

What are the 2 main sects of judaism?

A

Ashkenazi (Germany, northern France, eastern Europe)
-Hasidic

Sephardim (southern Europe and Middle East)
-Misrahi

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9
Q

What is the judaism bible called and what books are included?

A

First 5 books (aka Books of Moses, the Torah, or the Pentateuch)

Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy

Includes the Ten Commandments, proper food preparation, charity, and general conduct

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10
Q

What does judaism believe in?

A

Do not believe in original sin

Sin is attributed to weakness

Can be redeemed if they ask for God’s absolution or by asking for forgiveness of the person sinned against

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11
Q

What are the 3 kinds of jews?

A

Orthodox Jews – All Jewish laws must be observed in all details

Reform Jews – Ritual laws are not required but moral laws are

Conservative Jews – Middle ground between Orthodox and Reform

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12
Q

What is Kosher and Kashrut?

A

Kosher = “fit”
Permitted food items

Kashrut

  • Pilar of Jewish religious life
  • Concerned with fitness of food, health-related
  • Spiritual and physical health
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13
Q

What are the 8 food laws of judaism?

A
  1. Permitted animals for food
  2. Method of slaughter
  3. Examination of slaughtered animal
  4. Forbidden parts of the animal
  5. Preparation of meat
  6. Law of Meat and Milk
  7. Products of forbidden animals
  8. Examination for insects and worms
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14
Q

What is sabbath?

A

The day of rest and prayer

Sundown Friday to Nightfall Saturday

All food must be prepared before sundown on Friday (no food kindled on Sabbath)

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15
Q

What is Rosh Hashanah?

A

New Year / “Head of the Year”

September or October (Lunar Calendar)

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16
Q

What is Yom Kippur?

A

The Day of Atonement

Atonement for sins committed against God

Day of fasting (no food or water; medications permitted)

Everyone participates except boys under 13, girls under 12, those who are ill, pregnant women

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17
Q

What is Hanukkah?

A

8 days of celebration, usually in December

Commemorate recapture of the Temple in Jerusalem in 169 CE

Lighting of 1 candle each night on the menorah

Common foods include latkes and other foods cooked in oil

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18
Q

What is passover?

A

8 day festival of spring and freedom

March or April to celebrate Jewish exodus from Egypt

Unleavened bread (Matzah) consumed to represent Moses’ claim of no time for bread to rise

No food can be subject to leavening during 8 days

Wheat, barley, rye, oats, beans, peas, lentils, millet, mustard, maize, beer, malt liquors, are avoided

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19
Q

What is the largest religious group world wide and what are the 3 dominant branches?

A

Christianity

Roman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Protestantism

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20
Q

What does christianity abide by?

A

10 commandements

-included in old and new testament

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21
Q

What who celebrates roman Catholicism?

A

Largely based in Germany, Poland, Italy, Ireland, Mexico, and Caribbean
-Immigrants to Canada and US

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22
Q

What are thee celebrations of Roman Catholics?

A 
Christmas: Birth of Christ 
Easter: Resurrection of Christ
Palm Sunday 
Ascension
Pentecost Sunday
The Assumption
All Saints Day
23
Q

What does fasting look like in Roma catholicism?

A

Permits only one full meal per day at midday

Does not forbid eating in the morning or evening, allowing for supplementary nourishment

24
Q

What is Eastern Orthodox?

A

Not as prevalent as Roman Catholicism in North America

Two centres of Christianity (300 CE):

  • Rome
  • Constantinople (Instanbul, Turkey)

Mainly represent Eastern Europe

25
Q

What is protestantism?

A

16th century religious movement known as the Reformation, by leader Martin Luther

Questioning of the Roman Catholic Church practices, breaking away from their teachings

Belief that individuals can reach God without a priest or a saint, but through prayer
-Essentially, every believer is their own minister

Belief that every person is inherently sinful, but can be saved by having faith in Christ
-Death of Christ atoned for sins of all people

People encourage to read and interpret biblical scriptures

26
Q

What are most food choices based on?

A

Most food choices based on culture, rather than religion itself

27
Q

What is the mormon law of health?

A

Restrict tobacco, strong drinks, and hot drinks; sometimes caffeine

Eat meat sparingly, base diet on grains

Fasting: One day per month for charity

28
Q

What is the way of the sevenths day adventists?

A

Dress is simple, functional jewellery only

Belief that sickness is a result of violation of laws of health

29
Q

How do 7th day adventists preserve health?

A

Avoidance of gluttony

Vegetarianism (lacto-ovo)

Avoidance of tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco

Water to be consumed only before and after a meal

Limited use of spices (e.g., black pepper, chili powder)

5-6 hours between meals

30
Q

What is the 2nd largest religious group in the world?

A

Second largest religious group world-wide

Mainly Middle East, northern Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan

Gradual progression in Western countries

31
Q

What does islam and muslim mean?

A

Islam = “submission” to the will of God

Muslim = “he who submits”

32
Q

What is the Qur’an?

A

Contains stories of the Old and New Testaments, including Arabian folk tales
Contains basic laws of Islam

No priests required; people can speak directly to Allah

Mohammed, the founder, had revelations and was told he was the prophet of Allah

33
Q

What are the 5 pillars of islam?

A

Faith

Prayer

  • Performed 5 times per day (dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, nightfall)
  • Must be facing Mecca

Almsgiving/Zakat

Fasting

Pilgrimage to Mecca

34
Q

What are the different islam sects?

A 
Sunni 
-Largest in size
Shi’ia (aka Shiites)
Khawarij
Sufis
35
Q

What are the dietary restrictions for islam?

A

Pork, 4 footed animals that can eat prey with their mouths, birds of prey, pork by-products (e.g., gelatin)

Improperly slaughtered animals

Blood and by-products

Alcohol and drugs

36
Q

What is the difference between halal and haram?

A

Halal is permitted

Haram is forbidden

37
Q

What are some rules in islam surrounding eating?

A

Eating is considered a matter of worship, survival, and good health

Self-indulgence is not permitted

Food-waste prohibited

Hands and mouth must be cleaned before and after meals
-Only the right hand is considered clean

38
Q

What are the islam feast days?

A

Eid al-Fitr – The Feast of Fast Breaking

Eid al-Azha – The Festival of Sacrifice

Shab-i-Barat – Middle of Shaban

Nau-Roz – New Year’s Day

Maulud n’Nabi – Birthday of Mohammed

39
Q

What happens when you fast in islam?

A

Abstinence of food, drink, smoking, and sexual intercourse from dawn to sunset
Ramadan
-9 month of the Islamic calendar
-Required for those past the age of puberty (~15 y.o.)
-Some exemptions apply

40
Q

What is hinduism?

A

Belief that humans are not perfect ‘nor can they be

Make humans one with the Universal Spirit or Supreme Being

  • Must transition from human consciousness to divine consciousness
  • Through reincarnations – law of rebirth

Karma = One’s present life is the result of what one thought or did in one’s past life

41
Q

What its one of the worlds oldest religions?

A

Hinduism

-Primarily practiced in India, some Asian countries

42
Q

What is Brahman in hinduism?

A

The one supreme being

Hindus choose the form of the Supreme Being that matches their spirit

43
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the supreme being?

A

The Creation
The Protection
The Destruction (of the world)

3 Great Gods (The Hindu Triad): Brahma, Vishnu, Siva

44
Q

What are the main principles of hinduism?

A 
Purity
Self-control
Detachment
Truth
Nonviolence
45
Q

What are the foods avoided in hinduism?

A

Cow is a sacred animal and prohibited for consumption

Crabs, snails, crocodiles, ducks, flamingos, camels, boars, etc.

Foods prepared by certain people prohibited (e.g., doctors, prostitutes, actors, carpenters, liars, thieves)

No fish or meat unless sanctified by the repetition of mantras offering it to the gods

Garlic, onions, leeks, turnips, mushrooms, red-hued foods

46
Q

Why are dietary restrictions practiced in hinduism?

A

Avoidance of foods believed to interfere with physical and mental development

47
Q

How many feast and fast days are there in hinduism?

A

18 major festivals per year

Festivals based on geographical location

Fasting: Varies significantly

48
Q

What Is buddhism?

A

Protestant revolt against orthodox Hinduism

Belief that asceticism and self-indulgence should both be avoided in the extremes

49
Q

What are the 4 noble truths in buddhism?

A

Dukkha
Suffering is part of living

Samudaya
Suffering is caused by a person’s cravings in life
Attachment to pleasure, wealth, power, ideals, and beliefs

Nirodha
Cessation of Dukkha
A person no longer suffers if all cravings are relinquished

Magga
Middle way between search of happiness through pleasure and search for happiness through self-mortification and asceticism

50
Q

What are the 5 precepts of buddhism?

A

Abstain from taking a life
Abstain from taking what is not given
Abstain from all illegal sexual pleasures
Abstain from lying
Abstain from consumption of intoxicants to avoid clouding of the mind

51
Q

What is the ultiamate goal of buddhism?

A

Practiced perfectly, one achieves nirvana

-State of passionlessness, wisdom, and insight

52
Q

What re the 2 sects of buddhism?

A

Theraveda (Hinayana) Buddhism

  • Spiritual philosophy and system of ethics
  • Little to no emphasis on deities
  • Rather, a way of living to achieve nirvana
  • Most common in India, Southeast Asia

Mahayanna Buddhism

  • Buddha is eternal and cosmic
  • Appears in various ways to spread his truth (dharma)
  • Most common in China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Mongolia
53
Q

What is the common diet of buddhists?

A

Vary significantly
-Based on geographical location and sect

Avoid taking a life

  • Lacto-ovo vegetarianism practiced widely
  • Fish may be consumed

Food and Culture (8 decks)

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