Lecture 6

Question 1

Causality

Answer 1

a change in the dependent variable is the consequence of the independent variable (keeping all other things equal)

Question 2

Classic experimental design

Answer 2

Random assignment, Compare T1 and T2 in experimental condition and control condition

Question 3

Control group/condition

Answer 3

group in which variables that also occur in the experimental group/condition are kept the same (ceteris paribus), except the variable of interest

Question 4

Random assignment to conditions

Answer 4

Each subject has an equal probability to be assigned to one or the other group/condition
- Neutralizes the effect of individual factors (e.g., personal experience, individual traits, severity of symptoms). Thus, counters threats to internal validity by selection

Question 5

Quasi-experiments

Answer 5

Studies that have characteristics of experimental designs but do not fulfill all requirements

Question 6

Non-equivalent control group design

Answer 6

experimental and comparison groups are designated before the treatment occurs, but not by random assignment

Question 7

Ex post facto control group design

Answer 7

Non-experimental design in which participants can choose the group in which they participated

Question 8

Before-and-after designs

Answer 8

A quasi-experimental design consisting of a beforeafter comparison, but no comparison (control group).

Question 9

Dependent variable (dv)

Answer 9

the outcome variable, what is measured, the variable on which you monitor an effect

Question 10

Independent variable (iv)

Answer 10

the variable you can control, manipulate or choose and that may have causal impact

Question 11

Between subjects variable

Answer 11

Every participant gets a different manipulation

Question 12

manipulation check

Answer 12

you can check whether the concept was successfully manipulated

Question 13

Within subjects variable

Answer 13

every participant gets all different manipulations

Question 14

Stimuli

Answer 14

can be presented randomly or counterbalanced

Question 15

Counterbalancing

Answer 15

Vary the order of within manipulations to counter order effects.

Question 16

Complex designs

Answer 16

• Experimental designs can combine multiple (within & between!) independent variables
• Experimental designs can combine manipulable and nonmanipulable independent variables

Question 17

Deception

Answer 17

Researchers sometimes deceive participants about:

• the truth of a manipulation
• the goal of the study

Question 18

Coverstory

Answer 18

informing the participant about a fictional goal of the study, to conceal the true goal of the study

Question 19

Laboratory experiments

Answer 19

Controllable, thus:

• practical for random assignment
• practical for the implementation of your independent variable
• easier to replicate

Question 20

Disadvantages of experiments

Answer 20

• Lack of external validity

- Lack of ecological validity

Question 21

Pitfalls

Answer 21

• Bias through demand characteristics

- Experimenter bias

Question 22

Nudging

Answer 22

little “push” towards certain behaviour based on insights from psychology and behavioural economics.