Lecture 12 Flashcards
Ethical issues
Research involving :
- vulnerable groups
- sensitive topics
- secure/confidential information
- risk
Conflict of interest
a conflict between the researcher’s obligations concerning ethics and scientific integrity and financial relationships with industry, sponsors, etc
Nuremberg code
- Voluntary and informed consent of human subjects is absolutely essential
- Participants need to be informed of the nature, duration and purpose of the research study, including the risks and benefits
Informed consent
- Participants should be informed beforehand on the details of the research study.
- Participants have to give voluntary consent to participate in the research study.
- Participants have the right to stop the research study at any time
deception
- Deception is often used (in mild form) in social psychology experiments
- People cannot be informed fully before the start the experiment.
- Participants are informed (i.e., debriefed) about the deception and the studies goals and hypotheses when is study is finished
Scientific misconduct
- Fabrication of data
- Falsification of data
- Plagiarism
- Report duplication
- Violation of ethics
NHST
Null hypothesis significance testing combines the theories of Ronald Fischer and Jerzy Neyman & Egon Pearson
Type I error (false positive)
erronously saying that the study did show an effect
Type II error (false negative)
erronously saying that the study did not show an effect
p-value
the probability of observing a result if the null hypothesis is true
H1 = alternative hypothesis (experimental hypothesis)
There is a relation between the variables under investigation (there is an effect)
H0 = null hypothesis
There is no relation between the variables under investigation (there is no effect)
Significance level or α
a threshold value that represents the probability of a type I error
Confirmatory research
Research that tests a priori hypothesized relationships between variables
Exploratory research
Research that explores data for possible relationships between variables
Bad science
present exploratory research as confirmatory research
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for or interpret data in such a way that it confirms your expectations/predictions, and pay less attention to data that disconfirms your own expectations/predictions
Replication
Repeating a scientific study to test whether the findings are stable
Direct replication
testing the same hypothesis while aiming to fully reproduce the conditions of the original study.
Conceptual replication
testing the same hypothesis while changing key elements in the design, such as the independent or dependent variable
