Lecture 12

Question 1

Ethical issues

Answer 1

Research involving :

• vulnerable groups
• sensitive topics
• secure/confidential information
• risk

Question 2

Conflict of interest

Answer 2

a conflict between the researcher’s obligations concerning ethics and scientific integrity and financial relationships with industry, sponsors, etc

Question 3

Nuremberg code

Answer 3

• Voluntary and informed consent of human subjects is absolutely essential
• Participants need to be informed of the nature, duration and purpose of the research study, including the risks and benefits

Question 4

Informed consent

Answer 4

• Participants should be informed beforehand on the details of the research study.
• Participants have to give voluntary consent to participate in the research study.
• Participants have the right to stop the research study at any time

Question 5

deception

Answer 5

• Deception is often used (in mild form) in social psychology experiments
• People cannot be informed fully before the start the experiment.
• Participants are informed (i.e., debriefed) about the deception and the studies goals and hypotheses when is study is finished

Question 6

Scientific misconduct

Answer 6

• Fabrication of data
• Falsification of data
• Plagiarism
• Report duplication
• Violation of ethics

Question 7

NHST

Answer 7

Null hypothesis significance testing combines the theories of Ronald Fischer and Jerzy Neyman & Egon Pearson

Question 8

Type I error (false positive)

Answer 8

erronously saying that the study did show an effect

Question 9

Type II error (false negative)

Answer 9

erronously saying that the study did not show an effect

Question 10

p-value

Answer 10

the probability of observing a result if the null hypothesis is true

Question 11

H1 = alternative hypothesis (experimental hypothesis)

Answer 11

There is a relation between the variables under investigation (there is an effect)

Question 12

H0 = null hypothesis

Answer 12

There is no relation between the variables under investigation (there is no effect)

Question 13

Significance level or α

Answer 13

a threshold value that represents the probability of a type I error

Question 14

Confirmatory research

Answer 14

Research that tests a priori hypothesized relationships between variables

Question 15

Exploratory research

Answer 15

Research that explores data for possible relationships between variables

Question 16

Bad science

Answer 16

present exploratory research as confirmatory research

Question 17

Confirmation bias

Answer 17

The tendency to search for or interpret data in such a way that it confirms your expectations/predictions, and pay less attention to data that disconfirms your own expectations/predictions

Question 18

Replication

Answer 18

Repeating a scientific study to test whether the findings are stable

Question 19

Direct replication

Answer 19

testing the same hypothesis while aiming to fully reproduce the conditions of the original study.

Question 20

Conceptual replication

Answer 20

testing the same hypothesis while changing key elements in the design, such as the independent or dependent variable