Lecture 6

Question 1

proteins

Answer 1

the basis of cellular function

Question 2

what are proteins made of

Answer 2

collagen, elastin, tubulin

Question 3

functions of proteins

Answer 3

cell structure, enzymes, antibodies, hormone receptors, transports proteins, ion channels

Question 4

nucleotides

Answer 4

the gene sequence blocks for each protein

Question 5

coding region

Answer 5

DNA nucleotide sequence doing for the amino acid sequence of the protein

Question 6

regulatory regions

Answer 6

DNA nucleotide sequences that regulate the expression of the gene (turned on or off)

Question 7

regulatory regions

Answer 7

DNA nucleotide sequences that regulate the expression of the gene (turned on or off)

Question 8

what makes up nucleotides

Answer 8

one nitrogenous base, pentose, and a phosphate group

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

two strands, double helix, deoxyribose

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

single strand, pentose is ribose

Question 11

mRNA

Answer 11

messenger RNA

Question 12

mRNA

Answer 12

messenger RNA; copies the anti-sense strand and takes it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 13

rRNA

Answer 13

ribosomal RNA; from ribosomes attaching to mRNA, completes protein synthesis

Question 14

tRNA

Answer 14

transfer RNA; transports mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 15

example of a gene sequence

Answer 15

TAC CCG AGG CGT CCG AAA

made of nucleotides

Question 16

codon

Answer 16

three nucleotides to code for an amino acid

Question 17

sense strand

Answer 17

coding strand, the complement to the anti-sense strand (what you start with)

Question 18

anti-sense strand

Answer 18

DNA strand used for protein synthesis

Question 19

codon

Answer 19

three nucleotides to code for an amino acid

Question 20

transcription

Answer 20

in a nucleus; DNA double helix unwound, RNA polymerase binds to the anti-sense strand, RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA strand, runs of the complementary strand of mRNA

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

in the cytoplasm; requires messenger RNA, ribosomes, transfer RNAs, amino acids, ATP

Question 22

start codon

Answer 22

AUG/methionine

Question 23

anticodon

Answer 23

binds to the mRNA codon for the amino acid

Question 24

stop codon

Answer 24

UGA

Question 25

chaperones

Answer 25

ensures proteins are folded correctly

Question 26

ubiquitin

Answer 26

labels incorrectly folded protein for destruction

Question 27

proteasome

Answer 27

transforms incorrectly folded proteins into individual amino acids

Question 28

autophagy

Answer 28

the process of destroying damaged proteins and other organelles; involves cell’s lysosomes

Question 29

gene therapy

Answer 29

DNA carrying a normal gene incorporated into the patient’s cell

Question 30

diploid

Answer 30

somatic cells, cells that have two sets of chromosomes

Question 31

somatic

Answer 31

cells two sets of chromosomes (body cells)

Question 32

mutation

Answer 32

a defective protein that often results in the genetic disease

Question 33

types of mutations

Answer 33

1. the incorrect pairing of bases in DNA replication
2. insertions of extra bases or deletion of a base during replication
3. expansion in the numbers of trinucleotide repeats, Huntington’s disease
4. whole sections of deleted, reverse, or transposed DNA

Question 34

engineered viruses

Answer 34

vectors transfer copies of the normal gene into a patient’s cells

Question 35

liposomes

Answer 35

lipid bilayer sphere incorporate the DNA into liposomes

Question 36

DNA profiling

Answer 36

forensic application, the study of human evolution

Question 37

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 37

makes million sof copies of short tandem repeat sections