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BIOL 203 Lecture > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Summarize the current scientific thinking of how life originated on earth.

A
  1. lightning or ultraviolet radiation initiated the synthesis of the first organic molecules
  2. thermal vents in the ocean may have been sites for organic molecule synthesis
  3. 30% of meteorites and comets can be made up of organic molecules
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2
Q

matter

A

occupies space and has mass; includes solids, gases, and liquids

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3
Q

atom composition

A
  1. negative electrons
  2. positive protons
  3. neutral neutrons
    composed of quarks and held together by glutons
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4
Q

structure of hydrogen and carbon atoms

A

hydrogen: 1 p+, 1 e-
carbon: 6p+, 6n, 6e-

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5
Q

ions

A

same atom, different # e-

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6
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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7
Q

atomic weight

A

protons + neutrons

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8
Q

isotope

A

same atom, different n

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9
Q

covalent bond

A

share e-

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10
Q

ionic bond

A

donate/receive e-

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11
Q

hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen; maintain shape of proteins

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12
Q

van der waals forces

A

weak, short-range attractions between atoms and molecules; tension of water

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13
Q

denatured

A

what a hydrogen bond is broken and the protein loses its structure

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14
Q

KCl

A

potassium chloride

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15
Q

MgCl2

A

magnesium chloride

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16
Q

CaCl2

A

calcium chloride

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17
Q

MgSO4

A

magnesium sulfate

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18
Q

H3PO4

A

phosphoric acid

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19
Q

NaH2PO4
Na2H2PO4
Na3H2PO4

A

monosodium phosphate
disodium phosphate
trisodium phosphate

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20
Q

NH3

A

ammonia

21
Q

NH4Cl

A

ammonium chloride

22
Q

H2CO3

A

carbonic acid

23
Q

H2SO4

A

sulphuric acid

24
Q

NaHCO3

A

hydrochloric acid

25
Q

NaHCO3

A

sodium bicarbonate

26
Q

CaCO3

A

calcium carbonate

27
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

28
Q

C12H22O11

A

sucrose

29
Q

CO(NH2)2

A

urea

30
Q

synthesis reaction

A

A+B = AB

ex) amino acids join together to make protein

31
Q

dissociation or decomposition reaction

A

AB = A+B
ex) glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules
involves water = hydrolysis

32
Q

exchange reaction

A

AB + CD = AD + BC

33
Q

reversible reaction

A

the reaction that can go both ways

ex) carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in the body; carbon dioxide exhale, carbonic acid for muscles

34
Q

acids

A

H+

35
Q

bases

A

OH-

36
Q

salts

A

acid + base = salt + water

37
Q

electrolytes

A

substances bonded together by electrovalent bonds which dissociate into their constituent ions when dissolved in water; will conduct electricity

38
Q

pH

A

negative logarithm of the H+ concentration

39
Q

major inorganic substances found in cells

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium sulfate

40
Q

major organic substances found in cells and their role in the cell

A

carbohydrates: produce energy
lipids: produce energy
proteins: structure, metabolism
nucleic acids/nucleotides: building block of DNA and RNA

41
Q

carbohydrate

A

C, H, and O; burned by the cell to produce energy

42
Q

three classes of carbohydrates with one example each

A
  1. monosaccharides: glucose
  2. disaccharides: sucrose
  3. polysaccharides: glycogen
43
Q

lipid

A

not soluble in water; burned by cell to produce energy

44
Q

three classes of lipids with one example each

A
  1. triglycerides: palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid
  2. steroids: testosterone
  3. phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine
45
Q

protein and three examples

A

chains of amino acids covalently bonded with carboxyl groups called peptide bonds; albumin, hemoglobin, collagen, amylase

46
Q

three components of a nucleotide

A
  1. nitrogen-containing base (AGCTU)
  2. 5-carbon sugar pentose (ribose, 2-deoxyribose)
  3. one or more phosphate group
47
Q

chemical makeup of triglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

48
Q

general structure of amino acids

A

amino group, carboxyl group, peptide bond

49
Q

describe the basis of some genetic diseases

A

change in one amino acid in an important protein like an enzyme or structural protein

BIOL 203 Lecture (7 decks)

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