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BIOL 203 Lecture > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the bodily structure of living organisms

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the way a living organism’s structures function

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3
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

wrote the first anatomy textbook De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Structure of the Human Body)

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4
Q

William Harvey

A

discovered blood circulation

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5
Q

List the four most important needs of humans.

A
  1. oxygen
  2. nutrients
  3. narrow range of temperature
  4. narrow range of atmospheric pressure
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6
Q

homeostasis

A

regulating the composition and properties of the extracellular fluid within narrow limits (detects the deviations and starts a process to return conditions to normal)

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7
Q

negative feedback

A

changes in one direction triggers a reaction in the opposite direction

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8
Q

List the five levels of organization of the body.

A
  1. (atoms) molecules
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ systems
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9
Q

homeotic (HOX) genes

A

family of genes that determine the plan/pattern of the body in an organism; centrol role in evolution and development; four groups of similar HOX genes control related regions both in humans and fruit flies

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10
Q

List the ten major characteristics of higher life forms.

A
  1. move
  2. respond or react to a stimulus
  3. grow
  4. reproduce
  5. respire
  6. digest food
  7. absorb products of digestion
  8. circulate blood
  9. assimilate food products
  10. excrete unwanted or harmful materials
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11
Q

List the MAJOR body cavities.

A

dorsal, ventral, small head cavity in the axial portion (head, neck, trunk)

the other portion is called the appendicular portion (arms and legs)

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12
Q

List the cavities found in the dorsal cavity and their organs.

A
  1. cranial: brain

2. vetebral: spinal cord

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13
Q

List the membranes in the thoracic cavity.

A

pleural: lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs
pericardial: surrounds the heart and covers its surface

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14
Q

List the membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

peritoneal: lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs inside

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15
Q

List the major organ systems.

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endrocrine, digestive, respirator, circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive

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16
Q

integumentary system

A

body covering, skin

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

thyroid, pancreas

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18
Q

superior

A

towards the head

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19
Q

inferior

A

away from the head

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20
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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21
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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22
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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23
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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25
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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26
Q

proximal

A

toward the main mass of the body

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27
Q

distal

A

away from the main mass of the body

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28
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body

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29
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

30
Q

central

A

at the center

31
Q

peripheral

A

around the outside

32
Q

sagittal

A

vertical dividing plane

33
Q

transversal

A

horizontal dividing plane

34
Q

coronal (frontal)

A

divides anterior and posterior

35
Q

acromial

A

point of the shoulder

36
Q

brachial

A

upper arm

37
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

38
Q

cubital

A

elbow

39
Q

antecubital

A

inner elbow

40
Q

axillary

A

armpit

41
Q

buccal

A

cheek

42
Q

carpal

A

wrist

43
Q

cephalic

A

pertaining to the head

44
Q

cervical

A

neck

45
Q

costal

A

ribs

46
Q

digital

A

finger

47
Q

frontal

A

forehead

48
Q

lumbar

A

lower back

49
Q

pectoral

A

chest

50
Q

pedal

A

foot

51
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

52
Q

vertebral

A

vertebra or spinal column

53
Q

List the nine abdominal regions and where they are.

A

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
right iliac hypogastric left iliac

54
Q

endoscopy

A

where endoscopes (cameras) are inserted into the body openings or small surgical incisions that allows less invasive surgeries

55
Q

invasive surgeries

A

where the body is invaded or penetrated in some way

56
Q

noninvasive surgeries

A

x-rays, computed axial tomography, positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography

57
Q

parietal

A

the membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

58
Q

visceral

A

the membrane that covers the surface of an organ

59
Q

List and describe the two important biochemical processes in living creatures.

A
  1. degrade molecules to obtain energy
  2. synthesize new molecules for the body’s structural and functional components
    * the sum of these is called metabolism*
60
Q

List the organs in the integumentary system

A

Skin

61
Q

List the organs in the skeletal system

A

Skull, humerus, calcaneum

62
Q

List the organs in the muscular system

A

Biceps brachii, gastrocnemius

63
Q

List the organs in the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord

64
Q

List the organs in the endocrine system

A

Thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, pituitary

65
Q

List the organs in the digestive system

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver

66
Q

List the organs in the respiratory system

A

Lungs

67
Q

List the organs in the circulatory system

A

Heart, arteries, veins

68
Q

List the organs in the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes, spleen

69
Q

List the organs in the urinary system

A

Kidney, bladder, ureters

70
Q

List the organs in the reproductive system

A

Testes, ovaries, uterus, penis, vagina

BIOL 203 Lecture (7 decks)

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